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# 10th Tank Corps
The 10th Tank Corps was a tank corps of the Red Army, formed twice.
## First Formation
In May–June 1938, the 7th Mechanized Corps headquarters was relocated from Novy Petergof to Luga and converted into the 10th Tank Corps when the Red Army mechanized forces transitioned from a mechanized corps structure to a tank corps structure. On 4 August 1938, the 107th Separate Air Liaison Flight was formed as part of the corps at Luga. On 27 September 1939, the corps was relocated to the Pskov area on the Estonian border, to back up threats of force against that country. On 2 October it was moved to the Latvian border to threaten Latvia as well. Both of these movements were made to force the two Baltic states into signing the Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty and the Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty, respectively, which established Soviet military bases on the territory of both countries. On 10 October, the 18th Light Tank Brigade was transferred to another unit and replaced by the 1st Light Tank Brigade. The corps' other brigades were the 13th Light Tank Brigade and the 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade.
On 13 October the corps was transferred back to the Leningrad Military District from the 8th Army and returned to Luga. By 30 November, in preparation for the Winter War, the Soviet attack on Finland, the 10th was relocated to the Finnish border as part of the 7th Army. On 30 November, the corps crossed the border at the beginning of the invasion, with its headquarters in the Korkiamyaki area, then at Rautu and Liipua. Between 13 and 16 December the 10th Tank Corps was transferred to advance towards Vyborg, concentrating in the Baboshino area. Its units were pulled out of combat and moved to Baboshin, with the headquarters at Tomilla by 20 December.
The Red Army command considered the performance of the large tank corps to be unsatisfactory and ordered all of them, including the 10th, disbanded in January 1940 by an order dated 17 January. The corps headquarters was moved to Kingisepp to be used to form an army group under the command of Dmitry Pavlov.
## Second Formation
The corps was reformed in April 1942 and was part of Steppe Front for the Battle of Kursk. Fatyh Zaripovich Sharipov appears to have won the Hero of the Soviet Union while operating with the corps.
10th Tank Corps was subsequently assigned to the 5th Guards Tank Army, but by April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin, the 10th Tank Corps was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK). It comprised the 178th, 183rd, and 186th Tank Brigades, and the 11th Motor Rifle Brigade.
It should not be confused with 30th Tank Corps, which became 10th Guards Tank Corps.
Postwar it became the 10th Tank Division. On 30 April 1957, it became the 34th Heavy Tank Division. In March 1965, it became the 34th Tank Division. On 20 March 1992, it was taken over by Belarus. The division became the 34th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, part of North Western Operational Command.
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# 1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
In 1114, an expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim taifa, was launched in the form of a Crusade. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade. The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan Liber maiolichinus, completed by 1125.
## Treaty and preparations
In 1085 Pope Gregory VII had granted suzerainty over the Balearics to Pisa. In September 1113 a Pisan fleet making an expedition to Majorca was put off course by a storm and ended up near Blanes on the coast of Catalonia, which they initially mistook for the Balearics. The Pisans met with the Count of Barcelona in the port of Sant Feliu de Guíxols, where on 7 September they signed a treaty causa corroborandae societatis et amicitiae ('for strengthening [their] alliance and friendship'). Specifically the Pisans were exempted from the usagium and the jus naufragii in all the territories, present and future, of the Count of Barcelona, though Arles and Saint-Gilles, in the recently acquired March of Provence, were singled out for special mention (three times).
The only surviving copy of the treaty between Pisa and Barcelona is found interpolated in a charter of James I granted to Pisa in 1233. It affirms that the meeting was unplanned and apparently arranged by God. Some scholars have expressed doubt about the lack of preparation, citing the Catalans' rapid response to the presence of the Pisans as evidence of some previous contact. The attribution of the meeting to Providence alone may have been concocted to add an "aura of sacredness" to the alliance and the crusade.
The treaty, or what survives of it, does not refer to military cooperation or a venture against Majorca; perhaps that agreement was oral, or perhaps its record has been lost, but a Crusade was planned for 1114. The chief goal was the freeing of Christian captives and the suppression of Muslim piracy. Most of the Pisan fleet returned to Pisa, but some ships damaged by the storm remained to be repaired and some men remained behind to construct siege engines. In the spring of 1114 a new fleet of eighty ships arrived from Pisa, following the French coast, briefly staying at Marseille.
The fleet brought with it Cardinal Bosone, an envoy from Paschal II, who vigorously supported the expedition, authorising it in a bull as early as 1113. Paschal had also granted the Pisans the Romana signa, sedis apostolicae vexillum ("Roman standard, the flag of the apostolic see"), and his appeals for the expedition had borne fruit. Besides the 300 ships of the Pisan contingent, there were 120 Catalan and Occitan vessels (plus a large army), contingents from the Italian cities of Florence, Lucca, Pistoia, Rome, Siena, and Volterra, and from Sardinia and Corsica under Saltaro, the son of Constantine I of Logudoro. Among the Catalan princes there were Ramon Berenguer, Hug II of Empúries, and Ramon Folc II of Cardona. The most important lords of Occitania participated, with the exception of the Count of Toulouse, Alfonso Jordan: William V of Montpellier, with twenty ships; Aimeric II of Narbonne, with twenty ships; and Raymond I of Baux, with seven ships. Bernard Ato IV, the chief of the Trencavel family, also participated. Ramon Berenguer and his wife, Douce, borrowed 100 morabatins from the Ramon Guillem, the Bishop of Barcelona, to finance the expedition.
## Conquest and loss
The combined Crusader fleet raided Ibiza in June, and destroyed its defences, since Ibiza lay between Majorca and the mainland and would have posed a continued threat during a siege. The Liber maiolichinus also records the taking of captives, who were trying to hide in careae (probably caves), on Formentera. Ibiza was under Crusader control by August. The Crusaders invested Palma de Majorca in August 1114. As the siege dragged on the counts of Barcelona and Empúries entered into peace negotiations with the Muslim ruler of Majorca, but the cardinal and Pietro Moriconi, the Archbishop of Pisa, interfered to put an end to the discussions. Probably the Catalan rulers, whose lands lay nearest the Balearics, expected an annual payment of parias (tribute) from the Muslims and the cessation of pirate raids in return for lifting the siege.
Muslim reinforcements, Almoravids from the Iberian port of Denia, surprised a Pisan flotilla of six in the waters off Ibiza, with only two of the Pisan vessels making it to safety, which consisted of the remains of a fortress burned by the king of Norway a decade earlier. In April 1115 the city capitulated and its entire population was enslaved. This victory was followed by the capture of most of the Balearics' major settlements and the freeing of most captive Christians on the islands. The independent Muslim taifa ruler was taken back to Pisa a captive. The greatest victory, however, was the annihilation of Majorcan piracy.
The conquest of the Balearics lasted no more than a few months. In 1115 they were reconquered by the Almoravids of peninsular Iberia.
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] | 1
| 0
| 1
|
# 11665 Dirichlet
11665 Dirichlet, provisional designation 1997 GL28, is a Griqua asteroid and a 2:1 Jupiter librator from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.8 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 April 1997, by astronomer Paul Comba at the Prescott Observatory in Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.
## Orbit and classification
Dirichlet is a Griqua asteroid, a small dynamical group of asteroids located in the otherwise sparsely populated Hecuba gap (2:1 resonance with Jupiter), which is one of the largest Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 11 months (2,169 days; semi-major axis of 3.28 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in October 1994.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859), who was the successor of Carl Friedrich Gauss and the predecessor of Bernhard Riemann at the University of Göttingen. His contributions include the first rigorous proof that the Fourier series converges. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 November 1999 (M.P.C. 36951).
## Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dirichlet measures 6.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.09. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Dirichlet has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
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] | 2
| 0
| 1
|
# 1159 Granada
1159 Granada, provisional designation 1929 RD, is a dark background asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the Spanish city and province of Granada.
## Orbit and classification
Granada is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins nine days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.
## Physical characteristics
Although Granada is an assumed S-type asteroid, it has a notably low albedo (see below) for an asteroid of the inner main-belt, even below that of most carbonaceous asteroids.
### Slow rotation
In September 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Granada was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 72.852 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Granada's period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours measures for most asteroids.
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Granada measures between 27.839 and 34.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.028 and 0.0471.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 29.94 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.63.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after Granada, city and province in Andalusia in southern. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).
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2
] | 3
| 0
| 1
|
# 119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 119th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beginning August 5, 1862 and mustered in August 15, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Peter Clarkson Ellmaker.
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, and Army of the Shenandoah to June 1865.
The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out on June 19, 1865.
## Detailed service
Moved to Washington, D.C., August 31 – September 1. Duty in the defenses of Washington until October. Duty at Hagerstown, Md., until October 29, 1862. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29 – November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12–15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20–24, 1863. At White Oak Church until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 – May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29 – May 2. Bernard House April 29. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3–4. Banks' Ford May 4. Gettysburg Campaign June 13 – July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 2–4. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. At and near Funkstown, Md., July 10–13. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26 – December 2. Duty near Brandy Station until May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4 – June 12. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–12. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 17–18. Weldon. Railroad June 22–23. Siege of Petersburg until July 9. Moved to Washington, D. C, July 9–11. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11–12. Pursuit of Early July 14–22. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Demonstration on Gilbert's Ford, Opequan, September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Moved to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 – April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army, Moved to Danville April 23–27, and duty there until May 23. Moved to Richmond, then to Washington May 23 – June 3. Corps review June 8.
## Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 213 men during service; 9 officers and 132 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 71 enlisted men died of disease.
## Commanders
- Colonel Peter Clarkson Ellmaker – resigned January 12, 1864
- Lieutenant Colonel Gideon Clark – commanded the regiment following Col Ellmaker's resignation until muster out
|
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] | 4
| 0
| 1
|
# 120s
The 120s was a decade that ran from January 1, AD 120, to December 31, AD 129.
During this decade, the Roman Empire was ruled by Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138). In the prior decade, he had succeeded Emperor Trajan, who had expanded the empire to its greatest extent. Hadrian, in contrast, adopted a more defensive foreign policy, focusing on consolidating the empire's borders and improving its infrastructure, such as Hadrian's Wall in Britain. There was almost a renewed war with Parthia, but the threat was averted when Hadrian succeeded in negotiating a peace in 123 (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed). Furthermore, Hadrian enacted, through the jurist Salvius Julianus, the first attempt to codify Roman law. This was the Perpetual Edict, according to which the legal actions of praetors became fixed statutes and, as such, could no longer be subjected to personal interpretation or change by any magistrate other than the Emperor.
The Chinese Eastern Han dynasty saw the death of regent Deng Sui in 121, after which Emperor An took on the reins of the imperial administration. In 121, there were again Qiang and Xianbei rebellions, which would continue to plague Emperor An for the rest of his reign. The only border where there were Han accomplishments during Emperor An's reign was on the northwestern front—the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia)—where Ban Chao's son Ban Yong (班勇) was able to reestablish Han dominance over a number of kingdoms. Emperor An was succeeded by Marquess of Beixiang in 125, who reigned for a short time before being succeeded by Emperor Shun of Han that same year. At the start of Emperor Shun's reign, the people were hopeful that he would reform the political situation from the pervasive corruption under the Yans. However, the teenage emperor proved to be a kind but weak ruler. While he trusted certain honest officials, he also trusted many corrupt eunuchs, who quickly grabbed power.
## Events
### 120
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
- Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
- A Kushan ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.
- Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis.
- Approximate date
- Legio IX Hispana last known to be in existence.
- The Market Gate of Miletus is built at Miletos (moved in modern times to Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung).
###### Asia
- Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
- The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujarat and a portion of central India.
### 121
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Roman settlement in present-day Wiesbaden, Germany, is first mentioned.
- Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia, on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth.
- Construction of the Temple of Venus and Roma begins in Rome.
###### Asia
- Era name changes from Yongning (2nd year) to Jianguang in the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.(Needs clarification or deletion)
### 122
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.[4]
- Vindolanda, a Roman auxiliary fort (castrum) in northern England, is garrisoned by cohort VIII Batavorum.
- September 13 – The building of Hadrian's Wall begins.
- Hadrian gives up the territories conquered in Scotland.
###### Asia
- Change of era name from Jianguang (2nd year) to Yanguang of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
### 123
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).[5]
- Housesteads Fort is constructed on Hadrian's Wall north of Bardon Mill.
- Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built.
- The Temple of Al-Lat in Palmyra is dedicated somewhere between this year and 164 AD.
###### Asia
- In China, Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao, reestablishes the Chinese control over the Tarim Basin.
- The Chinese government establishes Aide of the Western Regions over the Tarim Basin.
###### Africa
- Hadrian leads a punitive campaign against Berbers who had been raiding Roman towns in Roman Mauretania.[6]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- Chinese scientist Zhang Heng corrects the calendar to bring it into line with the four seasons.
### 124
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- January 1 – Gaius Bellicius Torquatus and Manius Acilius Glabrio begin the year as the new consuls, but the two are replaced in April.
- May – Aulus Larcius Macedo, the former Governor of Galatia; and Publius Ducenius Verres take office for four month as the suffect consuls to succeed Bellicius and Glabrio, and serve until the end of August.
- September – Gaius Valerius Severus and Gaius Julius Gallus replace consuls Larcius and Ducenius and serve until the end of the year.
- Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens.
- Antinous becomes Hadrian's beloved companion on his journeys through the Roman Empire.
- During a voyage to Greece, Hadrian is initiated in the ancient rites known as the Eleusinian Mysteries.
###### Asia
- In northern India, Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas.
### 125
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- The Pantheon is constructed (in Rome) as it stands today, by Hadrian.
- Emperor Hadrian establishes the Panhellenion. (in 131-32)
- Hadrian distributes imperial lands to small farmers.[citation needed]
- Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, starts to be built (approximate date).
###### Africa
- Plague sweeps North Africa in the wake of a locust invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned. (or was it around 125 BC[7])
###### Asia
- Last (4th) year of the Yanguang era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
- Change of emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from Han Andi to Marquis of Beixiang, then to Han Shundi.
- Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He then controls central India from coast to coast.
- Zhang Heng of Han dynasty China invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere.
- The epoch of the Javanese calendar begins.[citation needed]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- The Satires of Juvenal intimate that bread and circuses (panem et circenses) keep the Roman people happy.
###### Religion
- Pope Telesphorus succeeds Pope Sixtus I as the eighth pope according to Roman Catholic tradition.
### 126
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- The old Pantheon is demolished by Emperor Hadrian, and the construction of a new one begins (its date is uncertain, because Hadrian chooses not to inscribe the temple).
###### Asia
- First year of the Yongjian era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
### 127
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome, after a seven-year voyage to the Roman provinces.
- Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Gaius Minicius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.
###### India
- Kanishka I starts to rule in the Kushan Empire (approximate date).
#### By topic
###### Religion
- The philosopher Carpocrates rejects ownership of private property as being un-Christian.
### 128
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III Augusta stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons, the legionnaires are located in the Aurès Mountains.
- Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, with about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks.
- Roman agriculture declines, as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm, and forcing many farmers off the land.
- Roman bakeries produce dozens of bread varieties, and the Romans distribute free bread for the poor.
- Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.
###### Asia
- King Gaeru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula (until 166).[8]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- The fossils of large prehistoric animals are discovered in Dalmatia.
- The Pantheon in Rome is finished.
### 129
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- A defense for Numidia is constructed at Lambaesis by Legio III Augusta.
- Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.
#### By topic
###### Songs
- The song "Angel's Hymn" is made.[9]
###### Religion
- Change of Patriarch of Constantinople, from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius.
## Significant people
- Hadrian, Roman Emperor (117–138)
## Births
120
- February 8 – Vettius Valens, Greek astrologer (d. 175)
- Irenaeus, Greek bishop and apologist (approximate date)
- Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist (approximate date)
- Tatian, Syrian Christian writer and theologian (d. 180)
121
- April 26 – Marcus Annius Verus, later Emperor Marcus Aurelius (d. 180)
123
- Annia Cornificia Faustina, sister of Marcus Aurelius (d. 158)
124
- Apuleius, Numidian novelist, writer, public speaker (approximate date)[10]
125
- Aulus Gellius, Roman author and grammarian (approximate date)
- Lucian, Syrian satirist and rhetorician (approximate date)
- Lucius Ferenius, Dutch potter in Heerlen (approximate date)
- Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, Roman politician (d. 193)
126
- August 1 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (d. 193)[11]
- Lu Kang, Chinese politician and prefect (d. 195)
127
- Zheng Xuan, Chinese politician, philosopher (d. 200)[12]
128
- Xun Shuang, Chinese politician and writer (d. 190)[13]
129
- Chen Ji, Chinese official, chancellor (d. 199)
- Galen, Greek physician, anatomist (d. c. 200/216)
- Liu Hong, Chinese official, astronomer (d. 210)
## Deaths
120
- Ban Zhao, Chinese historian and philosopher (b. AD 49)
- Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian (approximate date)
- Faustinus and Jovita, Roman Christian martyrs
- Getulius, Roman officer and Christian martyr
- Hermes, Greek Christian martyr and saint
- Marcian of Tortona, Roman bishop (or 117)
- Matthias of Jerusalem, bishop of Jerusalem
- Nicomachus, Greek mathematician (b. AD 60)
- Plutarch, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
- Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist (b. AD 50)
- Tacitus, Roman historian[14]
121
- Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of paper and the papermaking process (b. AD 50)[15]
- Deng Sui, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. AD 81)[16]
- Eleutherius and Antia, Roman Christian martyrs and saints
124
- Marcus Annius Verus, father of Marcus Aurelius
- Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians (approximate date)
- Sixtus I, bishop of Rome according to Roman Catholic tradition (possible date)[17]
125
- April 30 – An of Han, Chinese emperor (b. AD 94)
- December 10 – Shao (or Liu Yi), Chinese emperor
- Servius Sulpicius Similis, Roman governor
- Thamel, Roman Christian priest and martyr[18]
126
- Domitia Longina, Roman empress (b. c. 53 AD)
- Yan Ji (or Ansi), Chinese empress
127
- Juvenal, Roman poet (approximate year)[19]
- Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (b. AD 46)[20]
- Publius Metilius Nepos, Roman politician (b. AD 45)
128
- Giru of Baekje, Korean ruler[8]
129
- June 19 – Justus of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch
- King Osroes I of the Parthian Empire
|
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2
] | 5
| 0
| 1
|
# 12 Lacertae
12 Lacertae is a wide binary star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, located roughly 1,260 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.23. The system is drifting closer to the Earth with a mean heliocentric radial velocity of –12.5. It is a probable member of the I Lacertae OB association (Lac OB1).
The primary component is a Beta Cephei variable with a stellar classification of B1.5III, matching a B-type star with the luminosity class of a giant star. It has been known to be variable for more than a century and has been extensively studied. The variable radial velocity of the star was discovered by W. S. Adams in 1912, and the light variations were established by 1919. The pulsational nature of the variability was shown by P. Ledoux in 1951, which led to one of the first world-wide observing campaigns with the star as its target. Dutch mathematician F. J. M. Barning analyzed the resulting data in 1963 and found four separate cycles of variation. By 1994, six periods had been confirmed.
The variable star designation of the primary is DD Lacertae, while 12 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. In general terms it varies in magnitude from 5.16 down to 5.28 with a period of 4.63 hours. As many as eleven different frequencies have been detected, with the dominant cycle showing a frequency of 5.179034 cycles per day. Curiously, three of the frequencies form an equally-spaced triplet with cycles of 5.179, 5.334, and 5.490 per day, although this alignment appears to be a coincidence. It is a hybrid pulsator, showing mixed behaviors of a Beta Cephei variable and a slowly pulsating B-type star.
The primary is a massive star, having 9.5 times the mass of the Sun and an age of only 22 million years old. It has about 8.4 times the girth of the Sun. The averaged quadratic field strength of the surface magnetic field is (2,352.3±1,604.9)×10−4 T. It is radiating 8,877 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 23,809 K. The estimated rotational velocity of the primary at the equator is 52±5 km/s; about 10% of its break-up velocity. However, seismic models suggest the core region is rotating much more rapidly with a rotational velocity of up to 100 km/s, and thus the star is undergoing differential rotation.
The companion is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3V and visual magnitude 9.2. As of 2008, it had an angular separation of 69″ from the primary. There is a faint infrared nebulosity at a separation of 0.6 light-years from the pair that is most likely a bow shock.
|
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] | 6
| 0
| 1
|
# 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 23 and September 29, 1864, during the American Civil War.
## Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 23, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twenty-eight men to disease.
## Bibliography
- Dyer, Frederick H. (1959). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. New York and London. Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher. LCCN 59-12963.
|
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] | 7
| 0
| 1
|
# 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 6 and September 28, 1864, during the American Civil War.
## Service
The regiment was organized at Mattoon, Illinois, with a strength of 852 men, and mustered in for one-hundred-day service on June 6, 1864. On June 10, the regiment departed for Benton Barracks, Missouri, where they reported to General William Rosecrans.
From there five companies of the regiment were stationed on the Iron Mountain railroad. Three companies of the regiment were stationed at the Gasconade railroad crossing and a further two companies stationed at the Osage railroad crossing of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and at Jefferson City, Missouri. The regiment was mustered out on September 28, 1864. During its service the regiment lost one man at Gasconade crossing and sixteen men to disease.
|
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] | 8
| 0
| 1
|
# 1420 in Ireland
Events from the year 1420 in Ireland.
## Incumbent
- Lord: Henry V
## Events
- Luttrellstown Castle was completed.
## Births
- 24 November – James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant (d. 1461)[1]
## Deaths
- Giolla na Naomh O hUidhrin, Irish historian and poet
- Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond
|
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# 141st meridian west
Download coordinates as:
- KML
- GPX (all coordinates)
- GPX (primary coordinates)
- GPX (secondary coordinates)
The meridian 141° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 141st meridian west forms a great circle with the 39th meridian east.
Most of the border between Alaska, United States and Yukon, Canada is defined by the meridian, meaning the western extremity of Canada lies on this meridian.
## From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 141st meridian west passes through:
| Co-ordinates | Country, territory or sea | Notes |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 90°0′N 141°0′W / 90.000°N 141.000°W | Geographical North Pole in the Arctic Ocean | |
| 73°40′N 141°0′W / 73.667°N 141.000°W | Beaufort Sea | |
| 69°39′N 141°0′W / 69.650°N 141.000°W | United States / Canada border | Alaska / Yukon |
| 60°19′N 141°0′W / 60.317°N 141.000°W | United States | Alaska (Yakutat City and Borough) |
| 59°46′N 141°0′W / 59.767°N 141.000°W | Pacific Ocean | Passing just west of Eiao island, French Polynesia (at 8°0′S 140°43′W / 8.000°S 140.717°W) · Passing just east of Napuka atoll, French Polynesia (at 14°11′S 141°10′W / 14.183°S 141.167°W) · Passing just west of Fangatau atoll, French Polynesia (at 15°49′S 140°53′W / 15.817°S 140.883°W) · Passing just west of Amanu atoll, French Polynesia (at 17°51′S 140°50′W / 17.850°S 140.833°W) |
| 18°4′S 141°0′W / 18.067°S 141.000°W | French Polynesia | Hao atoll |
| 18°11′S 141°0′W / 18.183°S 141.000°W | Pacific Ocean | Passing just west of Paraoa atoll, French Polynesia (at 19°7′S 140°43′W / 19.117°S 140.717°W) · Passing just east of Manuhangi atoll, French Polynesia (at 19°12′S 141°13′W / 19.200°S 141.217°W) |
| 60°0′S 141°0′W / 60.000°S 141.000°W | Southern Ocean | |
| 75°35′S 141°0′W / 75.583°S 141.000°W | Antarctica | Unclaimed territory |
|
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] | 10
| 0
| 1
|
# 1640 in science
The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events.
## Botany
- John Parkinson publishes Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent.[1]
## Mathematics
- The 16-year-old Blaise Pascal demonstrates the properties of the hexagrammum mysticum in his Essai pour les coniques which he sends to Mersenne.
- October 18 – Fermat states his "little theorem" in a letter to Frénicle de Bessy: if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, a p − a will be divisible by p.
- December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the theorem on sums of two squares in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an odd prime p is expressible as the sum of two squares.
## Technology
- The micrometer is developed.
- A form of bayonet is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the pike.
- The reticle telescope is developed and initiates the birth of sharpshooting.
## Births
- April 1 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (died 1697)
- December 13 (bapt.) – Robert Plot, English naturalist and chemist and illustrator of the first dinosaur fossil (died 1696)
- Elias Tillandz, Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (died 1693)
## Deaths
- December 22 – Jean de Beaugrand, French mathematician (born c. 1584)
|
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| 0
| 1
|
# 1645 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Works published
### Great Britain
- Francis Quarles, Solomon's Recantation, entitled Ecclesiastes Paraphrased[1]
- Sir Robert Stapylton, translator, Erotopagnion, translated from the original Latin of the Musaeus[1]
- Edmund Waller, Poems[1]
- George Wither, Vox Pacifica: A Voice Tending to the Pacification of God's Wrath[1]
### Other
- Adrián de Alesio, El Angélico ("The Angel"), dedicated to Saint Thomas Aquinas
- Sheikh Muhammad, Yoga-samgrama
## Works incorrectly dated this year
- John Milton, Poems of Mr John Milton, Both English and Latin, published 1646, according to The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, notwithstanding the book's title page[1]
## Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- April 11 – Juan del Valle y Caviedes (died 1697), Spanish-born Peruvian poet and author
## Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- March 10 – William Strode (born c.1602), English poet
- April 3 (bur.) – Emilia Lanier, also spelled "Aemilia Lanyer" (born 1569), English
- July 7 – Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim (born 1569), German officer and poet
- July 13 – Marie de Gournay, also known as Marie le Jars, demoiselle de Gournay (born c. 1566), French writer, author of feminist tracts and poet; a close associate of Michel de Montaigne; buried in the Saint-Eustache Church in Paris
- August 28 – Hugo Grotius (born 1583), Dutch jurist, philosopher, theologian, Christian apologist, playwright and poet
- August 31 – Francesco Bracciolini (born 1566), Italian
- September 8 – Francisco de Quevedo (born 1580), Spanish nobleman, politician and Golden Age poet
- William Browne (born 1590), English pastoral poet
- Feng Menglong (born 1574), Chinese writer and poet
|
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] | 12
| 0
| 1
|
# 1695 in England
Events from the year 1695 in England.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – William III
## Events
- 13 January – Princess Anne returns to court to act as royal hostess.[1]
- 7 March – Sir John Trevor, Speaker of the House of Commons, is found guilty of taking a bribe and expelled from the Commons.[2][3]
- April – Parliament decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643 requiring press censorship.[1]
- 30 April – William Congreve's comedy Love for Love opens the New Theatre, Lincoln's Inn Fields.[4]
- 3 May – Parliament passes the Corrupt Practices Act to tackle bribery in general elections.[5]
- 16 May – Thomas Tenison enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the first Primate of All England since the Reformation to be installed in person at Canterbury Cathedral.[6]
- 24 June – a commission of enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe reports to Parliament, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature".
- 1 September
- Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur in the Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance led by King William III of England following the 2-month Siege of Namur.[5]
- HMS Winchester (1693) founders in the Florida Keys with the loss of 400.[7]
- 7 September – English pirate Henry Every in the Fancy perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to put an end to all English trading in India.
- November – general election results in victory for the Whigs.[1]
- 31 December – the window tax is imposed.[5]
### Undated
- Quakers Act ("An Act that the Solemne Affirmation & Declaration of the People called Quakers shall be accepted instead of an Oath in the usual Forme") permits Quakers (who conscientiously object to taking an oath) to substitute an affirmation in certain legal proceedings.
- Wren Library, Cambridge, the library of Trinity College, designed by Christopher Wren, is completed.
## Births
- 2 February – William Borlase, naturalist (died 1772)
- 20 November – John Bevis, physician and astronomer (died 1771)
## Deaths
- 5 March – Henry Wharton, writer (born 1664)
- 5 April – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, writer and statesman (born 1633)
- 27 April – John Trenchard, statesman (born 1640)
- 21 November – Henry Purcell, composer (born 1654)
- 28 November – Anthony Wood, antiquarian (born 1632)
|
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] | 13
| 0
| 1
|
# 1636 in France
Events from the year 1636 in France
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Louis XIII[1]
## Events
- 20 March – Treaty of Wismar
- 5 August – Crossing of the Somme
## Births
### Full date missing
- Noël Bouton de Chamilly, Marshal of France (died 1715)[2]
- Charles de La Fosse, painter (died 1716)
## Deaths
### Full date missing
- Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, trader and adventurer (born 1585)
- Paul Hay du Chastelet, magistrate, orator and writer (born 1592)
- Crespin Carlier, organ builder (born c.1560)
- Louise Bourgeois Boursier, midwife (born 1563)
- Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, diplomat (born 1552)
|
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313,
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29896,
29945,
29945,
29906,
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13,
13,
2
] | 14
| 0
| 1
|
# 1656 in Denmark
Events from the year 1656 in Denmark.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Frederick III[1]
- Steward of the Realm – Joachim Gersdorff
## Births
- 11 September – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, Queen consort of Sweden (died 1693 in Sweden)
## Deaths
- 24 April – Thomas Fincke, mathematician and physicist (b. 1561)
|
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| 0
| 1
|
# 1725 in Ireland
Events from the year 1725 in Ireland.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George I
## Events
- June 24 – first recorded meeting of the Grand Lodge of Ireland in Dublin, making it the second most senior Grand Lodge in world Freemasonry, and the oldest in continuous existence.[1]
- Irish Presbyterian ministers who refuse to subscribe at ordination to the Westminster Confession form the Presbytery of Antrim.
## Births
- May 15 – James Fortescue, politician (d. 1782)
- September 27 – Patrick d'Arcy, mathematician (d. 1779)
- September 28 (possible date) – Arthur Guinness, brewer and founder of the Guinness Brewery business and family (d. 1803)
- December 20 – John Parr, Governor of Nova Scotia (d. 1791)
- Robert Hellen, English-born lawyer and politician (d. 1793)
- Alexander McNutt, British Army officer and coloniser of Nova Scotia (d. 1811)
## Deaths
- March 31 – Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton, Chancellor of the Exchequer of England and Lord Treasurer of Ireland (b. 1669)
- April 16 – James Barry, politician (b. 1661)
- December 26 – Katherine FitzGerald, Viscountess Grandison, heiress (b. 1660)
- James Terry, Jacobite officer of arms.
|
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568,
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310,
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13,
13,
2
] | 16
| 0
| 1
|
# 1725 in Norway
Events in the year 1725 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Frederick IV.[1]
## Events
- 8 March – The Dutch merchant ship Akerendam sinks near the island of Runde during its maiden voyage, the entire ship's crew of 200 people dies in the sinking.[2]
## Arts and literature
- The construction of the Oslo Ladegård is complete.[3]
## Births
- 11 February – Johan Frederik Classen, industrialist and philanthropist (died 1792).[4]
- 8 March – Jens Boalth, educator (died 1780).[5]
- 22 September – Gunder Gundersen Hammer, government official (died 1772).[6]
- 19 November – Magnus Theiste, government official (died 1791)
|
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2
] | 17
| 0
| 1
|
# 174th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 174th Field Regiment was a unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA) during the Second World War. Originally formed to man beach defence batteries, it was later converted to field artillery. It served in Home Forces and supplied trained gunners to the fighting fronts, but saw no active service. It was disbanded in 1943.
## 8th Defence Regiment
After the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk and the United Kingdom was threatened with invasion, a crash programme of installing coastal artillery batteries was implemented in the summer of 1940.
Later, as the Home Defence strategy developed, the Royal Artillery formed a number of 'Defence Batteries' to deploy around the coastline for general beach defence. These were not part of the RA's Coast Artillery branch, nor were they included in the field forces under Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, but equipped with whatever old guns were available they freed up scarce field artillery from static beach defence for the mobile counter-attack forces. Most of these batteries were formed on 1 September 1940, and they were grouped into regiments from 4 October. 8th Defence Regiment was formed at Leven, East Riding of Yorkshire, with 930–934 Defence Batteries. On 15 March 1941 931 and 934 Defence Btys were disbanded.
## 174th Field Regiment
By the beginning of 1942 the imminent threat of invasion had passed, the coast artillery batteries were fully established, and the RA required gunners for the field forces. The remaining Defence Regiments in the UK were disbanded or converted into field artillery. On 12 January 1942 8th Defence Rgt at Neswick Hall, Driffield, East Riding, was converted into 174th Field Regiment, and 930, 932 and 933 Defence Btys were designated A, B and C Btys. A, B and C Btys were redesignated P, Q and R on 11 March. At this period the establishment of a field regiment was three batteries, each of two troops of four 25-pounder guns.
On 25 July 1942 the regiment was assigned to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, which had recently been placed on a lower establishment as a home defence formation with no immediate prospect of overseas service. At the time the division was in Northern Command, moving at the beginning of 1943 to South Western District.
On 1 January 1943 the regiment's batteries were numbered as 159, 160 and 161 Field Btys. But on 9 January the batteries were mobilised as independent batteries and later posted to units in Middle East Forces as follows:
- 159 Field Bty – joined 32nd Field Rgt, converted to 32nd Heavy Rgt 18 September 1943[13][14][15]
- 160 Field Bty – joined 57th (Home Counties) Field Rgt 10 June 1943[16]
- 161 Field Bty – joined 121st (West Riding) Field Rgt 20 June 1943[17][18]
Regimental HQ (RHQ) of 174th Field Rgt remained without any batteries to command until 10 March when it was disbanded and the personnel used to reform RHQ of the disbanded 52nd (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy Rgt at Fleetwood in Lancashire, with new batteries formed from coast artillery personnel.
## Footnotes
1. ↑ A previous 160 Bty had existed in the Royal Field Artillery between 1919 and 1920.[10][11]
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2
] | 18
| 0
| 1
|
# 174 Phaedra
174 Phaedra is a sizable, rocky main belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on September 2, 1877, and named after Phaedra, the tragic lovelorn queen in Greek mythology.
The asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.84 years and an eccentricity of 0.14. Lightcurve data obtained from Phaedra indicates a rather irregular or elongated body. It has a cross-section size of ~35 km. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Shadowbox Observatory in Carmel, Indiana, during 2009 gave a light curve with a period of 4.96 ± 0.01 hours. This is consistent with previous studies in 1977, 1988, and 2008. The asteroid's pole of rotation lies just 5–16° away from the plane of the ecliptic.
|
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13,
2
] | 19
| 0
| 1
|
# 1778 in music
## Events
- January 1 – Première of William Boyce's "When rival nations great in arms", at St James's Palace, London.[1]
- January 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, while visiting Mannheim, meets local composer Georg Joseph Vogler.[1]
- January 27 – Niccolò Piccinni's first French opera, Roland, is premièred at the Paris Opera.[1]
- February 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes to his father, Leopold Mozart, telling him how much he hates composing for the flute.[1]
- February 17 – Ignaz Umlauf’s Die Bergknappen becomes the first singspiel by a local composer to be performed in Vienna.[1]
- March 1 – Christoph Willibald Gluck returns to Vienna after a residence of ten years in Paris.[1]
- March 2 – The Nationaltheater of Vienna's opera buffa company gives its final performance.[1]
- March 15 – Thomas Arne is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.[1]
- March 20 – Jiří Antonín Benda leaves his post as Kapellmeister at the court of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[1]
- March 26 – Seven-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven gives his first concert performance, at Cologne.[1]
- April 8 – Antonio Salieri leaves Vienna after a twelve-year absence from his native Italy.[1]
- May 1 – Anna Maria Mozart complains of various ailments in a letter from Paris, where she is accompanying her son Wolfgang. She dies here on July 3.[1]
- June 4 – King George III of the United Kingdom celebrates his 40th birthday; "Arm’d with her native force", an ode composed by William Boyce for the occasion, is performed for the first time.[1]
- July 9 – Mozart writes to his father complaining about the French language and the poor standard of singing.[1]
- July 13 – Leopold Mozart learns of his wife's death from a family friend, Abbé Joseph Bullinger.[1]
- July 24 – The première of Giovanni Paisiello’s Lo sposo burlato takes place at the Russian court.[1]
- August 1 – First publication (in London) of the song "To Anacreon in Heaven" with words by Ralph Tomlinson (d. March 17). Date of writing and first publication of the music by John Stafford Smith which becomes "The Star-Spangled Banner" is uncertain but probably about this time.
- August 3 – Teatro alla Scala, Milan, opens with a performance of Antonio Salieri's latest opera, Europa riconosciuta.[1]
- August 27 – Mozart meets Johann Christian Bach in Paris.[1]
- October 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart arrives in Strasbourg, where he will give three concerts.[1]
## Classical music
- Carl Philip Emanuel Bach
- Harpsichord Concerto in G major, H.477
- Harpsichord Concerto in D major, H.478
- Sechs Clavier-Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber
- Johann Christian Bach – 4 Sonatas and 2 Duetts, Op. 15
- Jean-Frédéric Edelmann – 3 Sonates, Op. 6, for harpsichord
- Felice Giardini
- 6 String Trios, Op. 20
- 6 Quartets, Op. 21
- François Joseph Gossec – Symphonie concertante in F major No. 2, "à plusieurs instruments"
- Joseph Haydn
- Little Organ Mass
- Symphony No.54 in G major, Hob.I:54
- Il maestro e lo scolare, Hob.XVIIa:1
- František Kocžwara – The Battle of Prague, Op. 23
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Oboe Concerto in F major, K.293/416f
- Duet Sonata for violin and piano K.296
- Concerto for flute and harp in C major, K. 299
- Violin Sonatas No. 18-23, K. 301-306
- Ah se in ciel, K.538
- Symphony No. 31 in D "Paris"
- Piano Sonata No.8 in A Minor, K. 310/300d
- Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 13
- Antonio Salieri – Sinfonia Veneziana
- Johann Abraham Peter Schulz – Keyboard Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 2
- Hans Hinrich Zielche – 6 Flute Sonatas
## Opera
- Carl Christian Agthe – Martin Velten
- Johann Christian Bach – La Clemenza di Scipione
- Anton Bachschmidt – Antigono
- Pierre Joseph Candeille – Les Deux comtesses
- Christian Cannabich – Azakia
- Domenico Cimarosa
- Il ritorno di Don Calandrino
- Le stravaganze d'amore
- Charles Dibdin – The Shepherdess of the Alps
- André Grétry – Le jugement de Midas
- Niccola Piccinni – Roland
- Antonio Sacchini – Erifile
- Antonio Salieri
- Europa riconosciuta
- La scuola de' gelosi
## Published popular music
- The Singing Master's Assistant – William Billings, including "Africa"
## Methods and theory writings
- William Billings – The Singing Master's Assistant
- Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Musikalisch-kritische Bibliothek
- Mussard – Nouveaux principes pour apprendre a jouer de la Flutte Traversiere
- Ignacio Ramoneda – Arte de canto-llano
## Births
- January 5 – Fortunato Santini, composer
- January 9 – Dede Efendi, composer
- January 13 – Anton Fischer, composer
- February 12 – Franz Joseph Volkert, composer
- February 14 – Fernando Sor, guitarist and composer
- February 17 – Vincenzo Pucitta, Italian composer (d. 1861)[2]
- March 8 – Friedrich August Kanne, composer and music critic(d. 1833)[3]
- April 6 – Joseph Funk, composer and music teacher (d. 1862)[4]
- May 8 – Johann Gansbacher, composer (d. 1844)[5]
- May 28 – Friedrich Westenholz, composer
- July 10 – Sigismund Ritter von Neukomm, Austrian composer and royal kapellmeister (d. 1858)
- July 29 – Carl Borromaus Neuner
- September 3 – Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer, composer
- November 14 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel, composer
## Deaths
- February 15 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, organist and composer (b. 1697)
- March 5 – Thomas Arne, composer, best known for "Rule Britannia" (b. 1710)
- May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, physician and music writer (b. 1711)
- July 2 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, philosopher, writer and composer (b. 1712)
- July 3 – Anna Maria Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1720; typhoid)[1]
- August 5 – Thomas Linley the younger, composer, aged 22
- August 14 – Augustus Montague Toplady, hymn-writer (b. 1740)
- August 24 – Johannes Ringk, organist, composer and copyist of Bach (b. 1717)
- September 20 – Quirino Gasparini, composer (b. 1721)
- October 30 – Davide Perez, opera composer (b. 1711)
- November 11 – Anne Steele, hymn-writer (b. 1717)
- December – Samuel Linley, oboist and singer (b. 1760)
- December 12 – Hermann Raupach, composer (b. 1728)
- date unknown
- Americus Backers, piano maker
- Giovanni Battista Costanzi, Italian composer (born 1704)
- Célestin Harst, organist and harpsichordist (b. 1698)
|
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2
] | 20
| 0
| 1
|
# 1820s in football
The following are events in the 1820s decade which are relevant to the development of football.
## Events
### 1820
- By this time, some form of order was beginning to be imposed on what had for centuries been a chaotic pastime played not so much by teams as by mobs. This form of football, known more politely as "folk football", was essentially a public holiday event, Shrove Tuesday being a traditional day for games across the country. The games were free-for-alls with no holds barred and extremely violent. As for kicking and handling of the ball, it is certain that both means of moving the ball towards the goals were in use.[1]
- The public schools (e.g., Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester) began to devise their own versions of football, rules of which were verbally agreed and handed down over many years until the first codifications in the 1840s.[2]
### 1823
- The traditional date of the William Webb Ellis legend. He was the Rugby School pupil who, it was said later, "with a fine disregard for the rules of football, took the ball in his hands and ran with it".[3] Even if the tale is true, the game was a version of folk football with rules that were verbally agreed by the Rugby School pupils. Such rules were always open to challenge and it may be that an incident like this occurred with the result that a dribbling game became primarily a handling one.[3]
- Evidence exists of local games being played within certain limits (field and team sizes) which were similar to modern football in that goalposts, either erected or simulated, were in use as targets. There is a reference to players in East Anglia using their jackets for goalposts.[4]
### 1824
- Foundation of the Foot-Ball Club, in Edinburgh, thought to have been the first club to have played football of any kind, anywhere in the world. [5]
## Births
- 12 March 1820 – Albert Pell (d. 1907), an early influence on the rules of football.
- 18 May 1821 – Jem Mackie (d. 1867), an early influence on the rules of football.
## Bibliography
- Sanders, Richard (2009). Beastly Fury – The Strange Birth of British Football. London: Transworld. ISBN 978-0-55-381935-9.
|
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13,
13,
2
] | 21
| 0
| 1
|
# 1837 French legislative election
Legislative elections were held in France on 4 November 1837.
Only citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote. 151,720 of the 198,836 registered voters voted.
## Results
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------- | ----- | ----- |
| | Pro-Molé Ministry | | | 163 |
| | Center left | | | 142 |
| | Center right | | | 64 |
| | Third Party | | | 56 |
| | Republicans | | | 19 |
| | Legitimists | | | 15 |
| Total | Total | | | 459 |
| | | | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 151,720 | – | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 198,836 | 76.30 | |
| Source: | | | | |
## Aftermath
Louis-Philippe of France dissolved the legislature in the absence of a majority on 2 February 1839.
|
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] | 22
| 0
| 1
|
# 1847 in the United States
Events from the year 1847 in the United States.
## Incumbents
### Federal government
- President: James K. Polk (D-Tennessee)
- Vice President: George M. Dallas (D-Pennsylvania)
- Chief Justice: Roger B. Taney (Maryland)
- Speaker of the House of Representatives:
John Wesley Davis (D-Indiana) (until March 4)
Robert Charles Winthrop (W-Massachusetts) (starting December 6)
- Congress: 29th (until March 4), 30th (starting March 4)
| Governors and lieutenant governors |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| - Governor of Alabama: Joshua L. Martin (Independent) (until December 16), Reuben Chapman (Democratic) (starting December 16) - Governor of Arkansas: Thomas Stevenson Drew (Democratic) - Governor of Connecticut: Isaac Toucey (Democratic) (until May 5), Clark Bissell (Whig) (starting May 5) - Governor of Delaware: William Temple (Whig) (until January 19), William Tharp (Democratic) (starting January 19) - Governor of Florida: William Dunn Moseley (Democratic) - Governor of Georgia: George W. Crawford (Whig) (until November 3), George W. Towns (Democratic) (starting November 3) - Governor of Illinois: Augustus C. French (Democratic) - Governor of Indiana: James Whitcomb (Democratic) - Governor of Iowa: Ansel Briggs (Democratic) - Governor of Kentucky: William Owsley (Whig) - Governor of Louisiana: Alexandre Mouton (Democratic) (until February 12), Isaac Johnson (Democratic) (starting February 12) - Governor of Maine: Hugh J. Anderson (Democratic) (until May 12), John W. Dana (Democratic) (starting May 12) - Governor of Maryland: Thomas Pratt (Democratic) - Governor of Massachusetts: George N. Briggs (Democratic) - Governor of Michigan: Alpheus Felch (Democratic) (until March 3), William L. Greenly (Democratic) (starting March 3) - Governor of Mississippi: Albert G. Brown (Democratic) - Governor of Missouri: John C. Edwards (Democratic) - Governor of New Hampshire: Anthony Colby (Democratic) (until June 3), Jared W. Williams (Democratic) (starting June 3) - Governor of New Jersey: Charles C. Stratton (Whig) - Governor of New York: John Young (Whig) (starting January 1) - Governor of North Carolina: William Alexander Graham (Whig) - Governor of Ohio: William Bebb (Whig) - Governor of Pennsylvania: Francis R. Shunk (Democratic) - Governor of Rhode Island: Byron Diman (Law and Order) (until May 4), Elisha Harris (Law and Order) (starting May 4) - Governor of South Carolina: David Johnson (Democratic) - Governor of Tennessee: Aaron V. Brown (Democratic) (until October 17), Neill S. Brown (Whig) (starting October 17) - Governor of Texas: James Pinckney Henderson (Democratic) (until December 21), George T. Wood (Democratic) (starting December 21) - Governor of Vermont: Horace Eaton (Whig) - Governor of Virginia: William Smith (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut: Noyes Billings (Democratic) (until May 5), Charles J. McCurdy (Whig) (starting May 5) - Lieutenant Governor of Illinois: Joseph Wells (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Indiana: Paris C. Dunning (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky: Archibald Dixon (Whig) - Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana: Trasimond Landry (Whig) - Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts: John Reed, Jr. (political party unknown) - Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: William L. Greenly (Democratic) (until month and day unknown), Charles P. Bush (Democratic) (starting month and day unknown) - Lieutenant Governor of Missouri: James Young (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of New York: Addison Gardiner (Democratic) (until July 5), Albert Lester (Democratic) (starting July 5) - Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island: Elisha Harris (Whig) (until May 4), Edward W. Lawton (political party unknown) (starting May 4) - Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina: William Cain (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Texas: Albert Clinton Horton (Democratic) (until December 21), John Alexander Greer (political party unknown) (starting December 21) - Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Leonard Sargeant (Whig) |
## Events
### January–March
- January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol, the Colt Walker, to the U.S. government for the Texas Rangers.
- January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the fighting in the Mexican–American War in California.
- January 16 – John C. Fremont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory.
- January 17 – Saint Anthony Hall is founded at Columbia University in New York City.
- January 30 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco, California.
- February 5 – A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnson's Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party. These California bound emigrants became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846–1847, and some have resorted to cannibalism to survive.
- February 22 – Mexican–American War – The Battle of Buena Vista: 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio López de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next day.
- March 1 – The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty.
- March 9 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz in the first large-scale amphibious assault conducted by U.S. military forces.
- March 28 – The Massachusetts Donation of 1847 for Ireland sails from Boston on USS Jamestown.
- March 29 – Mexican–American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.
### April–June
- May 7 – The American Medical Association (AMA) is founded in Philadelphia.
- June 1 – Zeta Psi fraternity of North America is founded at New York University.
- June 10 – The Chicago Tribune begins publication.
### July–September
- July 1 – The United States issues its first postage stamps, featuring George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.
- July 24 – After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.
- July 29 – The Cumberland School of Law is founded at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee. At the end of 1847 only 15 law schools exist in the United States.
- August 2 – Reuben Chapman is elected the 13th governor of Alabama defeating Nicholas Davis.
- August 12 – U.S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Lake Chalco and Lake Xochimilco in Mexico
- August 20 – U.S. troops defeat Mexican troops in Valencia, Mexico
### October–December
- October 31 – Theta Delta Chi is founded as a social fraternity at Union College, Schenectady, New York.
- November 29 – The Whitman massacre: Oregon missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman, his wife Narcissa, and eleven others are killed in the Oregon Country by Cayuse and Umatilla Indians, starting the Cayuse War.
- December 16 – Reuben Chapman is sworn in as the 13th governor of Alabama replacing Joshua L. Martin.[1]
### Undated
- The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the railroad town of Goldsborough, and the Wayne county seat is moved to the new town.
- The candy Necco Wafers are first produced as "hub wafers" in New England, an origin of the candy industry.
- Hardware business Orgill is established in Memphis, Tennessee.
### Ongoing
- Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
## Births
- January 11
- Alpheus Michael Bowman, politician and businessman (died 1913)
- Marion McKinley Bovard, academic administrator, 1st president of the University of Southern California (died 1891)
- January 16 – John Cutting Berry, physician and missionary (died 1936)
- January 23 – Elijah Bond, lawyer and inventor (died 1921)
- January 28 – William V. Allen, United States Senator from Nebraska from 1893 till 1899. (died 1924)
- February 2 – Charles H. Baker, politician (died 1919)
- February 11 – Thomas Edison, American inventor and businessman (died 1931)
- February 26 – William A. B. Branch, politician (died 1910)
- March 2 – Blanche Butler Ames, First Lady of Mississippi (d. 1939)
- March 13 – Francis S. White, United States Senator from Alabama from 1914 till 1915. (died 1922)
- March 18 – William O'Connell Bradley, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1895 till 1899. (died 1914)
- March 21 – Oscar Bielaski, Major League Baseball player (died 1911)
- March 27 – Warren Ives Bradley, children's author (died 1868)
- March 29 – John D. Works, United States Senator from California from 1911 till 1917. (died 1928)
- April 13 – J. Thompson Baker, politician from New Jersey (died 1919)
- May 25 – John Green Brady, 5th Governor of the District of Alaska from 1897 till 1906 (d. 1918)
- June 8 – Ida Saxton McKinley, First Lady of the United States, (died 1907)
- June 26 – Daniel V. Asay, iceboat racer (died 1930)
- June 29 – Brother Azarias, educator (d. 1893)
- July 4 – James Anthony Bailey, circus ringmaster (d. 1906)
- July 19 – Oliver Ernesto Branch, politician (d. 1916)
- August 12 – William Rankin Ballard, businessman (d. 1929)
- September 5 – Jesse James, American outlaw, guerrilla, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from Missouri. (died 1882)
- September 10 – Franklin Bartlett, politician (died 1909)
- September 11 – Mary Watson Whitney, American astronomer and academic (died 1921)[2]
- September 23 – Victoria Woodhull, American leader of the woman's suffrage movement (died 1927)
- September 30 – James Taliaferro, United States Senator from Florida from 1899 till 1911. (died 1934)
- October 18 – Emma Elizabeth Brown, author and artist (unknown year of death)
- October 23 – Gottfried Blocklinger, admiral (died 1930)
- October 31 – Wendell P. Bowman, army major general (died 1928)
- November 7 – Melvin O. Adams, attorney and railroad executive (died 1920)
- November 10 – Frederick Arthur Bridgman, artist (died 1928)
- November 23 – Joseph Ackroyd, politician, member of the New York State Senate (died 1915)
- December 21 – Fletcher S. Bassett, founder of the Chicago Folk-Lore Society (died 1893)
- December 30 – John Peter Altgeld, 20th governor of Illinois (died 1902)
- December 31 – Wilson S. Bissell, politician, United States Postmaster General (died 1903)
## Deaths
- January 19 – Charles Bent, first civilian governor of the New Mexico territory (born 1799)
- January 30 – Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe, wife of Edgar Allan Poe (born 1822)
- May 1 – Jesse Speight, United States Senator from Mississippi (1845–1847) (born 1795)
- July 22 – Henry W. Edwards, United States Senator from Connecticut (1823–1838) (born 1779)
- August 6 – Henry M. Ridgely, United States Senator from Delaware (1827–1829) (born 1779)
- November 1 – Jabez W. Huntington, United States Senator from Connecticut (1840 –1847) (born 1788)
- November 29 – Narcissa Whitman, pioneer missionary (born 1808)
|
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] | 23
| 0
| 1
|
# 1872 in Scotland
Events from the year 1872 in Scotland.
## Incumbents
### Law officers
- Lord Advocate – George Young
- Solicitor General for Scotland – Andrew Rutherfurd-Clark
### Judiciary
- Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General – Lord Glencorse
- Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Moncreiff
## Events
- May
- Rangers F.C., founded in March as an Association football club in Glasgow by brothers Moses and Peter McNeil, Peter Campbell and William McBeath, play their first ever game on the public pitches of Glasgow Green, a goalless draw against Callander
- John Kibble's conservatory is dismantled at Coulport for re-erection in Glasgow Botanic Gardens
- 9 July – Tradeston Flour Mills explosion in Glasgow kills 18[1][2][3]
- 10 August – First Education (Scotland) Act passed, providing compulsory English-language education for all aged 5–13[4]
- 19 August – First horse trams in Glasgow, running from St George's Cross to Eglinton Toll[5]
- 2 October – Kirtlebridge rail crash at Kirtlebridge station on the Caledonian Railway in Dumfries and Galloway: 12 killed in a collision[6]
- 30 November – Scotland v England, the first FIFA-recognized international football match, takes place at Hamilton Crescent in Glasgow; the result is a goalless draw[7]
- 12 December – Third Lanark A.C. is established as the Association football team of the Third Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers
- December – Wick Harbour breakwater is washed away in a storm
- Dhu Heartach lighthouse is first lit
- David Colville & Sons open their Dalzell Steel and Iron Works at Motherwell
- Guard Bridge paper mills established near Leuchars
- The Egyptian Halls, a pioneering iron-framed commercial building in Glasgow designed by Alexander Thomson, is completed
- The last Thurso Castle is built
- Clydebank High School established
- First hospital built on the site at Govan (Glasgow) that will become Queen Elizabeth University Hospital
- The Northern Psalter and Hymn Tune Book edited by William Carnie is published in Aberdeen containing Jessie Seymour Irvine's setting of Psalm 23, "Crimond"[8]
- The Scottish Gaelic magazine Féillire is first published as Almanac Gàilig air son 1872 in Inverness[9]
- The Shetland Times is first published in Lerwick
- Other Association football clubs established this year include Ayr Thistle, Clydesdale, Dumbarton and Renton
## Births
- 12 February – Alexander Gibb, civil engineer (died 1958)
- 5 May – Norman Smith, philosopher (died 1958)
- 13 June – Chrystal Macmillan, mathematician, suffragist, politician, barrister and pacifist (died 1937)
- 2 October – Thomas Hunter, Unionist Party MP for Perth (1935–45) (died 1953)
## Deaths
- 14 January – Greyfriars Bobby, faithful Skye Terrier dog
- 27 February – John McLeod Campbell, minister and theologian (born 1800)
- 16 June – Norman Macleod, Church of Scotland minister (born 1812)
- 20 August – William Miller, poet (born 1810)
- 28 November – Mary Somerville, scientist (born 1780)
- 24 December – William John Macquorn Rankine, pioneer of thermodynamics (born 1820)
|
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] | 24
| 0
| 1
|
# 1872 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1872 in Iran.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
## Births
- June 21 – Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar is born in Tabriz.[1]
|
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] | 25
| 0
| 1
|
# 1874 in Canada
Events from the year 1874 in Canada.
## Incumbents
### Crown
- Monarch – Victoria[1]
### Federal government
- Governor General – Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood
- Prime Minister – Alexander Mackenzie
- Parliament – 2nd (until 2 January) then 3rd (from 26 March)
### Provincial governments
#### Lieutenant governors
- Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Joseph Trutch
- Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Alexander Morris
- Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Samuel Leonard Tilley
- Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Adams George Archibald
- Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – John Willoughby Crawford
- Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – William Cleaver Francis Robinson (until July 4) then Robert Hodgson
- Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – René-Édouard Caron
#### Premiers
- Premier of British Columbia – Amor De Cosmos (until February 11) then George Anthony Walkem
- Premier of Manitoba – Henry Joseph Clarke (until July 8) then Marc-Amable Girard (July 8 to December 3) then Robert Atkinson Davis
- Premier of New Brunswick – George Edwin King
- Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
- Premier of Ontario – Oliver Mowat
- Premier of Prince Edward Island – Lemuel Cambridge Owen
- Premier of Quebec – Gédéon Ouimet (until September 22) then Charles Boucher de Boucherville
### Territorial governments
#### Lieutenant governors
- Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories – Alexander Morris
## Events
- January 22 – Federal election: Alexander Mackenzie's Liberals win a majority, defeating J. A. Macdonald's Liberal-Conservatives
- February 11 – George Walkem becomes premier of British Columbia, replacing Amor De Cosmos
- April 16 – Louis Riel is barred from taking his seat in the House of Commons.
- May 29 – The Liberals introduce electoral reform that introduces the secret ballot and abolishes property qualifications
- June–July - New Brunswick election
- July 8 - Marc-Amable Girard becomes premier of Manitoba for the second time, replacing Henry Joseph Clarke. Manitoba institutes responsible government, adopting the convention that the lieutenant governor acts on the advice of the premier and no longer takes an active role in directing the government.
- July 26 - Alexander Graham Bell discloses the invention of the telephone to his father at the family home on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario.
- September 22 – Sir Charles-Eugène de Boucherville becomes premier of Quebec, replacing Gédéon Ouimet
- October 1 – The North-West Mounted Police base at Fort Macleod is founded
- December 3 – Robert Davis becomes premier of Manitoba, replacing Marc-Amable Girard.
- December 17 – Nova Scotia election: Philip Carteret Hill's Liberals win a second consecutive majority
- December 30 – Manitoba election
### Full date unknown
- Anabaptists (Russian Mennonites) start to arrive in Manitoba from various Russian colonies arriving in Canada in August.
- The federal Liberal government grants provisional boundaries to Ontario that extend the province to the north and west. These provisional boundaries will not be recognized by the federal Conservatives when they return to power.
- Newfoundland election
## Births
### January to June
- January 15 – James David Stewart, educator, lawyer, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1933)
- January 16 – Robert W. Service, poet and writer (d.1958)
- January 29 – Frank Boyes, politician (d.1961)
- February 10 – Walter Lea, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1936)
- April 14 – Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, 16th Governor General of Canada (d.1957)
- June 16 – Arthur Meighen, politician and 9th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1960)
### July to December
- July 13 – Norman Dawes, businessman
- July 29 – J. S. Woodsworth, politician (d.1942)
- October 1 – Arthur Sauvé, politician (d.1944)
- October 10 – Roland Fairbairn McWilliams, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (d.1957)
- October 12 – Albert Charles Saunders, jurist, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1943)
- October 25 – Philémon Cousineau, politician (d.1959)
- November 30 – Lucy Maud Montgomery, author (d.1942)[2]
- December 17 – William Lyon Mackenzie King, lawyer, economist, university professor, civil servant, journalist, politician and 10th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1950)
## Deaths
- February 8 – Joseph-Bruno Guigues, first bishop of the diocese of Bytown (Ottawa) (b.1805)
- March 9 – Joseph Casavant, manufacturer of pipe organs (b.1807)
- June 18 – Edwin Atwater, businessperson and municipal politician (b.1808)
- August 3 – Charles Laberge, lawyer, journalist and politician (b.1827)
- December 17 – Hiram Blanchard, Premier of Nova Scotia (b.1820)
- December 22 – Étienne Parent, journalist (b.1802)
## Historical documents
With imperial troops withdrawn from most of Canada, major general has recommendations for instruction of militia (Note: racial stereotypes)
Sam Steele describes North-West Mounted Police horses stampeding at the start of the March West
|
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472,
278,
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310,
278,
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3122,
13,
2
] | 26
| 0
| 1
|
# 1877 Wilton by-election
The 1877 Wilton by-election was fought on 19 February 1877. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Edmund Antrobus. It was won by the Conservative candidate Hon. Sidney Herbert.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | ----- | ---- | --- |
| | Conservative | Sidney Herbert | 751 | 80.1 | New |
| | Liberal | John Freeman Norris | 187 | 19.9 | N/A |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 564 | 60.2 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 938 | 86.3 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 1,087 | | |
| | Conservative gain from Liberal | Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | N/A | |
|
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891,
13,
13,
2
] | 27
| 0
| 1
|
# 1897 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1897.
## Books
- Guy Boothby
- The Fascination of the King[1]
- The Lust of Hate
- A Prince of Swindlers[2]
- Sheilah McLeod: A Heroine of the Back Blocks[3]
- Mary Gaunt – Kirkham's Find
- Louise Mack – Teens: A Story of Australian School Girls[4]
- Rosa Praed – Nulma[5]
- Roderic Quinn – Mostyn Stayne[6]
## Short stories
- Louis Becke – Pacific Tales[7]
- Guy Boothby – "With Three Phantoms"[8]
- Ada Cambridge – At Midnight and Other Stories[9]
- Henry Lawson
- "Mr Smellingscheck"[10]
- "Two Larrikins"[11]
- A. B. Paterson – "Bill and Jim Nearly Get Taken Down"[12]
- Steele Rudd
- "Dave's Snake-Bite"[13]
- "Jack or Cranky Jack"[14]
- "A Kangaroo Hunt from Shingle Hut"[15]
- "The Parson and the Scone"[16]
## Poetry
- Barcroft Boake – Where the Dead Men Lie, and Other Poems
- E. J. Brady – "The Whaler's Pig"
- Christopher Brennan – XXI Poems 1893-1897: Towards the Source[17]
- Victor J. Daley – "A Treat for the London Poor"
- J. Le Gay Brereton – Sweetheart Mine: Lyrics of Love and Friendship[18]
- John Farrell – "Australia to England"
- W. T. Goodge
- "The Great Australian Adjective"
- "The Oozlum Bird"
- Henry Lawson
- "The Lights of Cobb and Co."
- "The Old Bark School"
- Ethel Mills – "The Brumby's Death"[19]
- Breaker Morant – "Who's Riding Old Harlequin Now?"
- Will H. Ogilvie
- "Off the Grass"
- "The Stockyard Liar"
- A. B. Paterson
- "The Ballad of the Calliope"
- "By the Grey Gulf-water"
- "Saltbush Bill's Second Fight"
- Charles Thatcher – "Look Out Below!"[20]
- Ethel Turner – "Orphaned by the Sea"[21]
- Dora Wilcox – "After the Floods"[22]
## Drama
- Alfred Dampier – Fortune's Fool
## Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1897 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.
- 10 January – Margaret Fane, novelist and poet (died 1962)[23]
- 23 February – J. M. Walsh novelist (died 1952)[24]
- 16 March – Flora Eldershaw, novelist (died 1956)[25]
- 9 April – Dale Collins, journalist and novelist (died 1956)[26]
- 16 August – Marjorie Barnard, novelist (died 1987)[27]
Unknown date
- Winifred Birkett, novelist and poet (died 1975)[28]
## Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1897 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.
- 22 December – William Gay, poet (born 1865 in Australian literature)[29]
|
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376,
6880,
278,
1632,
465,
29908,
13,
29871,
448,
376,
1576,
10224,
19852,
2718,
279,
29908,
13,
29899,
319,
29889,
350,
29889,
4121,
1330,
13,
29871,
448,
376,
1576,
13402,
328,
310,
278,
3037,
492,
2300,
29908,
13,
29871,
448,
376,
2059,
278,
25529,
402,
16302,
29899,
13405,
29908,
13,
29871,
448,
376,
29903,
1997,
29890,
1878,
6682,
29915,
29879,
6440,
26650,
29908,
13,
29899,
5322,
498,
905,
261,
785,
376,
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4451,
13866,
3850,
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29906,
29900,
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13,
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295,
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376,
2816,
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287,
491,
278,
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13,
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360,
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1111,
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785,
376,
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278,
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19653,
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29961,
29906,
29906,
29962,
13,
13,
13,
2277,
360,
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13,
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12299,
360,
1160,
631,
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1540,
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13,
13,
13,
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430,
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313,
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565,
278,
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443,
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470,
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310,
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13,
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313,
4939,
29871,
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29947,
29953,
29945,
297,
9870,
12845,
9601,
29906,
29929,
29962,
13,
13,
2
] | 28
| 0
| 1
|
# 1898–99 Welsh Amateur Cup
The 1898–99 Welsh Amateur Cup was the ninth season of the Welsh Amateur Cup. The cup was won by Oswestry United Reserves who defeated Shrewsbury based team Singleton & Coles 1–0 in the final, at Welshpool.
## Preliminary round
| Home team | Result | Away team | Remarks |
| --------------- | ------ | --------------------------- | ------- |
| Wrexham Reserve | 4-0 | Caergwrle Wanderers Reserve | |
| Minera St Marys | | Stansty Villa | |
## First round
| Home team | Result | Away team | Remarks |
| -------------------------- | ------ | ----------------------------- | ------- |
| Rhyl United Reserve | 6-1 | St. Asaph Athletic | |
| Llandudno Swifts Reserves | 2-1 | Flint Reserve | |
| Bangor Reserve | 3-1 | Colwyn Bay | |
| Flint Athletic | Bye | | |
| Adwy United | | Rossett | |
| Stansty Villa | | Brymbo Junior | |
| Buckley Victoria Reserves | | Wrexham Reserve | |
| Bwlchgwyn Albion | | Erddig Albion | |
| Whitchurch Alexandra | 3-0 | Rhos Eagle Wanderers Reserves | |
| Oswestry United Reserve | 11-0 | Derwen Rangers | |
| Chirk Reserve | | Druids Reserve | |
| Ellesmere Rangers | 6-0 | Llangollen Wanderers | |
| Shrewsbury Barracks Rovers | 0-4 | Dolgelly | |
| Snailbeach | | Aberystwyth Reserves | |
| Llanfyllin | 3-2 | Newtown Reserve | |
| Singleton and Coles | 9-0 | Welshpool United | |
## Second round
| Home team | Result | Away team | Remarks |
| ------------------- | ------ | ------------------------- | ------- |
| Rhyl United Reserve | | Llandudno Swifts Reserves | |
| Bangor Reserve | 4-1 | Flint Athletic | |
| Stansty Villa | 5-0 | Erddig Albion | |
| Wrexham Reserve | 2-1 | Adwy United | |
| Druids Reserve | 4-0 | Ellesmere Rangers | |
| Whitchurch Alex | 1-3 | Oswestry United Reserve | |
| Singleton and Coles | 4-0 | Dolgelly | |
| Llanfyllin | | Aberystwyth Reserves | |
## Third round
| Home team | Result | Away team | Remarks |
| ------------------------- | ------ | ----------------------- | ------- |
| Llandudno Swifts Reserves | 3-0 | Bangor Reserve | |
| Stansty Villa | | Wrexham Reserve | |
| Druids Reserve | 1-3 | Oswestry United Reserve | |
| Llanfyllin | 1-6 | Singleton and Coles | |
## Semi-final
| | Result | | Venue |
| ----------------------- | ------ | ------------------------- | ----------------------- |
| Oswestry United Reserve | 4-3 | Wrexham Reserve | Wynnstay Park, Ruabon |
| Singleton and Coles | 4-1 | Llandudno Swifts Reserves | The Racecourse, Wrexham |
## Final
| Winner | Result | Runner-up | Venue |
| ------------------------ | ------ | ----------------- | --------- |
| Oswestry United Reserves | 1-0 | Singleton & Coles | Welshpool |
|
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6106,
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669,
1530,
267,
891,
10458,
845,
10109,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 29
| 0
| 1
|
# 1899 Hume colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Hume on 10 September 1899 because William Lyne had been appointed Premier and Colonial Treasurer, forming the Lyne ministry. Until 1904, members appointed to a ministerial position were required to face a by-election. These were generally uncontested. Of the nine ministers appointed in the Lyne ministry, The Hume and Ashfield (Bernhard Wise) were the only electorates in which the by-election was contested.
## Dates
| Date | Event |
| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 15 September 1899 | William Lyne appointed Colonial Treasurer. |
| 16 September 1899 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 23 September 1899 | Nominations |
| 30 September 1899 | Polling day |
| 9 October 1899 | Return of writ |
## Result
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------------- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| | Protectionist | William Lyne (re-elected) | 642 | 58.6 | −15.6 |
| | Independent | John Miller | 453 | 41.4 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,095 | 100.0 | +1.6 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 0 | 0.0 | −1.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,095 | 45.6 | −1.6 |
| | Protectionist hold | | | | |
|
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462,
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539,
891,
539,
891,
539,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 30
| 0
| 1
|
# 1900 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1900 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1900 college football season. The team compiled a record of 0–4, failed to score a point, and was outscored by a combined total of 81 to 0. Austin F. Jones was the team captain.
In early September 1900, Clayton Teetzel was hired as Michigan State Normal's director of athletics and football coach. Teetzel was 24 years old at the time of his hiring; he had played football for the University of Michigan from 1897 to 1899 before graduating with a law degree in 1900.
By October 2, 1900, the enrollment at Michigan State Normal had reached 750 students. Another 200 or 300 students were expected by the end of the week. The school's prominence in the ranks of teaching school's was advanced by the Journal of Pedagogy's 1900 move of its headquarters from Syracuse, New York, to Ypsilanti.
## Schedule
| October 20 | Michigan Military Academy* | Ypsilanti, MI | L 0–17 | [ 5 ] |
| October 27 | Michigan reserves* | Ypsilanti, MI | L 0–41 | [ 6 ] |
| November 3 | Detroit Athletic Club reserves* | Ypsilanti, MI | L 0–11 | [ 7 ] |
| November 10 | at Kalamazoo | Kalamazoo, MI | L 0–12 | [ 8 ] |
| *Non-conference game | | | | |
|
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13,
2
] | 31
| 0
| 1
|
# 1903 County Championship
The 1903 County Championship was the 14th officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 4 May to 3 September 1903. Middlesex won their first championship title, ending Yorkshire's run of three successive titles. Sussex finished in second place for the second successive season.
## Table
- One point was awarded for a win, and one point was taken away for each loss. Final placings were decided by dividing the number of points earned by the number of completed matches (i.e. those that ended in a win or a loss), and multiplying by 100.
| Team | Pld | W | L | D | A | Pts | Fin | %Fin |
| --------------- | --- | -- | -- | -- | - | --- | --- | ------ |
| Middlesex | 18 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 77.77 |
| Sussex | 24 | 7 | 2 | 14 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 55.55 |
| Yorkshire | 26 | 13 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 18 | 44.44 |
| Lancashire | 26 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 33.33 |
| Nottinghamshire | 20 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 20.00 |
| Worcestershire | 20 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 14.28 |
| Warwickshire | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 11.11 |
| Essex | 22 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 7.69 |
| Kent | 22 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 7.69 |
| Somerset | 18 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 0.00 |
| Surrey | 28 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 1 | –4 | 18 | –22.22 |
| Derbyshire | 16 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 0 | –3 | 11 | –27.27 |
| Gloucestershire | 20 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 0 | –7 | 13 | –53.84 |
| Hampshire | 18 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 3 | –9 | 11 | –81.81 |
| Leicestershire | 18 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 3 | –9 | 11 | –81.81 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |
## Records
### Batting
| Most runs | Most runs | Most runs | Most runs |
| Aggregate | Average | Player | County |
| --------- | --------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| 2,413 | 80.43 | C. B. Fry | Sussex |
| 1,618 | 44.94 | Johnny Tyldesley | Lancashire |
| 1,565 | 40.12 | Archie MacLaren | Lancashire |
| 1,449 | 34.50 | Ernie Hayes | Surrey |
| 1,428 | 44.62 | Percy Perrin | Essex |
| Source: | | | |
| Most wickets | Most wickets | Most wickets | Most wickets |
| Aggregate | Average | Player | County |
| ------------ | ------------ | -------------- | ------------ |
| 143 | 14.72 | Wilfred Rhodes | Yorkshire |
| 137 | 13.05 | Charlie Blythe | Kent |
| 131 | 17.85 | Sydney Barnes | Lancashire |
| 123 | 12.17 | Sam Hargreave | Warwickshire |
| 115 | 12.79 | George Hirst | Yorkshire |
| Source: | | | |
|
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13,
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319,
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319,
19698,
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13,
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9072,
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315,
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383,
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2431,
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17056,
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3423,
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891,
795,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 32
| 0
| 1
|
# 1914 Australian Senate election
The 5 September 1914 election was a double dissolution election which meant all 36 seats in the Senate were up for election, with each Australian states electing six members, with half to serve a six-year term and the rest to serve a three year term. Terms were taken to have commenced on 1 July 1914. The Senate resolved that in each State the three senators who received the most votes would sit for a six-year term, finishing on 30 June 1920 while the other half would sit for a three-year term, finishing on 30 June 1917.
It was a landslide victory for the Labor Party, which won 31 seats and was the largest party by first preference votes in every state except South Australia. The opposition party, the Commonwealth Liberal Party, won just one seat, which was in South Australia, despite retaining four seats (two each in New South Wales and Tasmania). The Liberal Party lost three seats, one each in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, while Labor lost one seat in New South Wales. Every state except Western Australia and South Australia swung to Labor.
## Australia
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats | Seats | Seats | Change |
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Swing | 6 year term | 3 year term | Total | Change |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------- | ---------- | ----- | ----- | ----------- | ----------- | ----- | ------ |
| | Labor | 6,119,018 | 52.15 | +3.43 | 17 | 14 | 31 | 2 |
| | Liberal | 5,605,305 | 47.77 | −1.61 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| | Independents | 9,799 | 0.08 | −0.78 | | | | |
| Total | Total | 11,734,122 | | | 18 | 18 | 36 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 86,649 | 4.24 | −1.42 | | | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | 2,042,336 | 73.63 | −0.99 | | | | |
| Registered voters | Registered voters | 2,811,515 | | | | | | |
| Source: Psephos: 1914 Senate | | | | | | | | |
## New South Wales
Each elector voted for up to six candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------------------- | ------------------------ | ----- | ----- |
| | Labor | Albert Gardiner (elected 1) | 344,151 | 51.6 | +1.0 |
| | Labor | Allan McDougall (elected 2) | 342,482 | 51.3 | +0.3 |
| | Labor | John Grant (elected 3) | 341,934 | 51.2 | +6.0 |
| | Liberal | Sir Albert Gould (re-elected 4) | 341,569 | 51.1 | −2.5 |
| | Liberal | Edward Millen (re-elected 5) | 339,476 | 50.9 | −1.6 |
| | Labor | David Watson (elected 6) | 338,280 | 50.7 | +5.7 |
| | Liberal | Charles Oakes (defeated) | 333,763 | 50.0 | −2.3 |
| | Labor | Arthur Rae (defeated) | 333,243 | 49.9 | +0.9 |
| | Labor | Ike Smith | 324,630 | 48.6 | +6.1 |
| | Liberal | Frank Coen | 324,152 | 48.6 | |
| | Liberal | Herbert Pratten | 322,076 | 48.3 | |
| | Liberal | Arthur Trethowan | 318,788 | 47.8 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 4,004,514 667,419 voters | 95.02 | +1.74 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 34,948 | 4.98 | −1.74 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 702,403 | 64.85 | −4.34 |
| Party total votes | | | | | |
| | Labor | | 2,024,690 | 50.56 | +6.34 |
| | Liberal | | 1,979,824 | 49.44 | −3.32 |
## Queensland
Each elector voted for up to six candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ----- | ----- |
| | Labor | Thomas Givens (re-elected 1) | 152,990 | 57.8 | +7.0 |
| | Labor | Myles Ferricks (re-elected 2) | 152,469 | 57.6 | +2.8 |
| | Labor | William Maughan (re-elected 3) | 152,321 | 57.5 | +2.8 |
| | Labor | James Stewart (re-elected 4) | 151,553 | 57.3 | +7.6 |
| | Labor | John Mullan (re-elected 5) | 150,703 | 56.9 | +6.4 |
| | Labor | Harry Turley (re-elected 6) | 150,703 | 56.9 | +6.4 |
| | Liberal | Thomas Crawford | 114,652 | 43.3 | |
| | Liberal | William Aitchison | 113,317 | 42.8 | |
| | Liberal | Frederick Johnson | 113,230 | 42.8 | |
| | Liberal | Adolphus Jones | 112,640 | 42.6 | |
| | Liberal | Edward Smith | 111,766 | 42.2 | |
| | Liberal | Michael O'Donnell | 111,396 | 42.1 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,588,266 264,711 voters | 95.77 | +0.90 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 11,693 | 4.23 | −0.90 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 276,404 | 75.07 | +1.77 |
| Party total votes | | | | | |
| | Labor | | 911,265 | 57.37 | +3.19 |
| | Liberal | | 677,001 | 42.63 | −3.19 |
## South Australia
Each elector voted for up to six candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ----- | ----- |
| | Liberal | John Shannon (elected 1) | 190,590 | 96.1 | |
| | Labor | John Newlands (re-elected 2) | 112,569 | 56.8 | +4.6 |
| | Labor | James O'Loghlin (re-elected 3) | 112,283 | 56.6 | +4.1 |
| | Labor | Robert Guthrie (re-elected 4) | 111,774 | 56.4 | +2.4 |
| | Labor | William Senior (re-elected 5) | 109,975 | 55.5 | +4.4 |
| | Labor | William Story (re-elected 6) | 108,263 | 54.6 | +8.1 |
| | Liberal | Edward Vardon | 90,364 | 45.6 | |
| | Liberal | Benjamin Benny | 89,568 | 45.2 | |
| | Liberal | George Jenkins | 89,194 | 45.0 | |
| | Liberal | George Stewart | 88,042 | 44.4 | |
| | Liberal | Patrick Daley | 87,365 | 44.1 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,189,987 198,331 voters | 96.16 | +1.90 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 7,913 | 3.84 | −1.90 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 206,244 | 80.14 | +0.04 |
| Party total votes | | | | | |
| | Liberal | | 635,123 | 53.37 | +6.97 |
| | Labor | | 554,864 | 46.63 | −6.97 |
Sitting senator Gregor McGregor (Labor) had re-nominated but died after the close of nominations, leaving Labor with only 5 candidates. Electors were required to vote for 6 candidates or their vote would be invalid. If there was a large informal vote or if the surplus votes were equally distributed there was a risk of Labor losing more than one seat. Labor therefore asked its supporters to vote for John Shannon (Liberal).
## Tasmania
Each elector voted for up to six candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------ | ------------------ | ---------------------------- | --------------------- | ----- | ----- |
| | Labor | David O'Keefe (re-elected 1) | 39,879 | 50.9 | −5.3 |
| | Labor | James Long (re-elected 2) | 39,853 | 50.8 | −4.8 |
| | Labor | James Guy (elected 3) | 39,656 | 50.6 | +6.2 |
| | Liberal | John Keating (re-elected 4) | 39,193 | 50.0 | −2.3 |
| | Labor | Rudolph Ready (re-elected 5) | 38,779 | 49.5 | −3.9 |
| | Liberal | Thomas Bakhap (re-elected 6) | 38,779 | 49.5 | −3.3 |
| | Labor | William Shoobridge | 38,096 | 48.6 | |
| | Liberal | Edward Mulcahy | 38,016 | 48.5 | |
| | Liberal | Louis Shoobridge | 38,006 | 48.5 | |
| | Labor | James McDonald | 37,771 | 48.2 | |
| | Liberal | John Clemons (defeated) | 36,577 | 46.7 | −4.0 |
| | Liberal | Hubert Nichols | 36,325 | 46.3 | |
| | Independent | Cyril Cameron | 6,979 | 8.9 | +2.8 |
| | Independent | David Blanchard | 2,820 | 3.6 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 470,292 78,382 voters | 95.29 | +1.51 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 3,871 | 4.71 | −1.51 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 82,253 | 77.61 | +2.30 |
| Party total votes | | | | | |
| | Labor | | 234,034 | 49.76 | +3.52 |
| | Liberal | | 226,459 | 48.15 | −3.57 |
| | Independent | | 9,799 | 2.08 | +0.04 |
## Victoria
Each elector voted for up to six candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------ | ------------------ | ---------
|
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7569,
2106,
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10504,
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686,
304,
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13,
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1669,
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478,
4769,
418,
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1273,
268,
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3925,
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539,
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10726,
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2
] | 33
| 0
| 2
|
------------- | ------------------------ | ----- | ----- |
| | Labor | John Barnes (re-elected 1) | 334,782 | 53.7 | +4.5 |
| | Labor | Stephen Barker (re-elected 2) | 334,517 | 53.6 | +5.2 |
| | Labor | Edward Russell (re-elected 3) | 334,238 | 53.6 | +3.5 |
| | Labor | Andrew McKissock (elected 4) | 333,739 | 53.5 | +4.5 |
| | Labor | Albert Blakey (re-elected 5) | 331,911 | 53.2 | +5.1 |
| | Labor | Edward Findley (re-elected 6) | 329,198 | 52.8 | +4.1 |
| | Liberal | James McColl (defeated) | 294,104 | 47.2 | −2.5 |
| | Liberal | Samuel Mauger | 293,353 | 47.0 | −1.8 |
| | Liberal | William Edgar | 289,854 | 46.5 | |
| | Liberal | James Hume Cook | 289,478 | 46.4 | |
| | Liberal | William Trenwith | 289,196 | 46.4 | |
| | Liberal | William McLean | 287,542 | 46.1 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 3,741,912 623,652 voters | 96.71 | +1.6 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 21,246 | 3.29 | −1.2 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 644,898 | 79.15 | +3.66 |
| Party total votes | | | | | |
| | Labor | | 1,998,385 | 53.41 | +3.98 |
| | Liberal | | 1,743,527 | 46.59 | −2.56 |
## Western Australia
Each elector voted for up to six candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------------------- | ---------------------- | ----- | ----- |
| | Labor | George Pearce (re-elected 1) | 68,245 | 55.4 | −0.2 |
| | Labor | Patrick Lynch (re-elected 2) | 66,189 | 53.7 | −0.4 |
| | Labor | Ted Needham (re-elected 3) | 65,960 | 53.5 | −0.5 |
| | Labor | George Henderson (re-elected 4) | 65,632 | 53.3 | −2.4 |
| | Labor | Richard Buzacott (re-elected 5) | 65,303 | 53.0 | −1.2 |
| | Labor | Hugh de Largie (re-elected 6) | 64,452 | 52.3 | +0.4 |
| | Liberal | William Butcher | 61,288 | 49.7 | +3.9 |
| | Liberal | William Dempster | 58,208 | 47.2 | |
| | Liberal | George Throssell | 56,973 | 46.2 | |
| | Liberal | John Thomson | 56,290 | 45.7 | |
| | Liberal | Victor Spencer | 55,448 | 45.0 | |
| | Liberal | Charles North | 55,164 | 44.8 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 739,152 123,192 voters | 94.67 | +1.3 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 6,942 | 5.33 | −0.91 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 130,134 | 71.46 | −2.04 |
| Party total votes | | | | | |
| | Labor | | 395,781 | 53.55 | −1.03 |
| | Liberal | | 343,371 | 46.45 | +1.03 |
|
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2
] | 33
| 1
| 2
|
# 1922 Boston Braves season
The 1922 Boston Braves season was the 52nd season of the franchise. The Braves finished eighth in the National League with a record of 53 wins and 100 losses.
## Regular season
### Season standings
| Team | W | L | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --------------------- | -- | --- | ---- | --- | ---- | ---- |
| New York Giants | 93 | 61 | .604 | — | 51–27 | 42–34 |
| Cincinnati Reds | 86 | 68 | .558 | 7 | 48–29 | 38–39 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 85 | 69 | .552 | 8 | 42–35 | 43–34 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 85 | 69 | .552 | 8 | 45–33 | 40–36 |
| Chicago Cubs | 80 | 74 | .519 | 13 | 39–37 | 41–37 |
| Brooklyn Robins | 76 | 78 | .494 | 17 | 44–34 | 32–44 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 57 | 96 | .373 | 35½ | 35–41 | 22–55 |
| Boston Braves | 53 | 100 | .346 | 39½ | 32–43 | 21–57 |
### Record vs. opponents
| Boston | — | 7–15 | 4–18 | 5–17 | 8–14–1 | 8–13 | 10–12 | 11–11 |
| Brooklyn | 15–7 | — | 11–11 | 8–14 | 8–14–1 | 15–7 | 11–11 | 8–14 |
| Chicago | 18–4 | 11–11 | — | 11–11–1 | 8–14 | 9–13–1 | 10–12 | 13–9 |
| Cincinnati | 17–5 | 14–8 | 11–11–1 | — | 10–12 | 15–7 | 11–11–1 | 8–14 |
| New York | 14–8–1 | 14–8–1 | 14–8 | 12–10 | — | 15–7 | 11–11 | 13–9 |
| Philadelphia | 13–8 | 7–15 | 13–9–1 | 7–15 | 7–15 | — | 3–19 | 7–15 |
| Pittsburgh | 12–10 | 11–11 | 12–10 | 11–11–1 | 11–11 | 19–3 | — | 9–13 |
| St. Louis | 11–11 | 14–8 | 9–13 | 14–8 | 9–13 | 15–7 | 13–9 | — |
## Player stats
### Batting
#### Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | ------------- | --- | --- | --- | ---- | -- | --- |
| C | Mickey O'Neil | 83 | 251 | 56 | .223 | 0 | 26 |
| 1B | Walter Holke | 105 | 395 | 115 | .291 | 0 | 46 |
| 2B | Larry Kopf | 126 | 466 | 124 | .266 | 1 | 37 |
| SS | Hod Ford | 143 | 515 | 140 | .272 | 2 | 60 |
| 3B | Tony Boeckel | 119 | 402 | 116 | .289 | 6 | 47 |
| OF | Walton Cruise | 104 | 352 | 98 | .278 | 4 | 46 |
| OF | Ray Powell | 142 | 550 | 163 | .296 | 6 | 37 |
| OF | Al Nixon | 86 | 318 | 84 | .264 | 2 | 22 |
#### Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| ------------------ | --- | --- | -- | ---- | -- | --- |
| Walter Barbare | 106 | 373 | 86 | .231 | 0 | 40 |
| Fred Nicholson | 78 | 222 | 56 | .252 | 2 | 29 |
| Hank Gowdy | 92 | 221 | 70 | .317 | 1 | 27 |
| Frank Gibson | 66 | 164 | 49 | .299 | 3 | 20 |
| Billy Southworth | 43 | 158 | 51 | .323 | 4 | 18 |
| Lloyd Christenbury | 71 | 152 | 38 | .250 | 1 | 13 |
| Bunny Roser | 32 | 113 | 27 | .239 | 0 | 16 |
| Snake Henry | 18 | 66 | 13 | .197 | 0 | 5 |
| Gil Gallagher | 7 | 22 | 1 | .045 | 0 | 2 |
### Pitching
#### Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| ------------- | -- | ----- | -- | -- | ---- | -- |
| Mule Watson | 41 | 201.0 | 8 | 14 | 4.70 | 53 |
| Frank Miller | 31 | 200.0 | 11 | 13 | 3.51 | 65 |
| Rube Marquard | 39 | 198.0 | 11 | 15 | 5.09 | 57 |
| Harry Hulihan | 7 | 40.0 | 2 | 3 | 3.15 | 16 |
| Johnny Cooney | 4 | 25.0 | 1 | 2 | 2.16 | 7 |
| Dick Rudolph | 3 | 16.0 | 0 | 2 | 5.06 | 3 |
| Al Yeargin | 1 | 7.0 | 0 | 1 | 1.29 | 1 |
#### Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --------------- | -- | ----- | - | -- | ---- | -- |
| Joe Oeschger | 46 | 195.2 | 6 | 21 | 5.06 | 51 |
| Hugh McQuillan | 28 | 136.0 | 5 | 10 | 4.24 | 33 |
| Dana Fillingim | 25 | 117.0 | 5 | 9 | 4.54 | 25 |
| Tim McNamara | 24 | 70.2 | 3 | 4 | 2.42 | 16 |
| Garland Braxton | 25 | 66.2 | 1 | 2 | 3.38 | 15 |
| Joe Genewich | 6 | 23.0 | 0 | 2 | 7.04 | 4 |
| Joe Matthews | 3 | 10.0 | 0 | 1 | 3.60 | 0 |
#### Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| ------------ | -- | - | - | -- | ----- | -- |
| Gene Lansing | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5.98 | 14 |
| Cy Morgan | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.00 | 0 |
|
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2
] | 34
| 0
| 1
|
# 1923 Portuguese presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Portugal on 6 August 1923. The Congress of the Republic elected the president in Lisbon instead of the Portuguese people. However the new president Manuel Teixeira Gomes was elected In absentia, meaning that he wasn't present during the election.
There were a total of five candidates. Manuel Teixeira Gomes won the election against his opponents and became the next President of the Republic.
## Results
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Third round | Third round |
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % |
| ------------- | --------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ----------- | ----------- | ------------ | ------------ | ----------- | ----------- |
| | Manuel Teixeira Gomes | Democratic Party | 108 | 57.75 | 117 | 58.50 | 121 | 62.37 |
| | Bernardino Machado | Nationalist Republican Party | 73 | 39.04 | 71 | 35.50 | 5 | 2.58 |
| | Duarte Leite | Republican Liberal Party | 3 | 1.60 | 1 | 0.50 | | |
| | Augusto Vieira Soares | Democratic Party | 1 | 0.53 | 2 | 1.00 | | |
| | Sebastião de Magalhães Lima | Democratic Party | 1 | 0.53 | | | | |
| Blank votes | Blank votes | Blank votes | 1 | 0.53 | 9 | 4.50 | 68 | 35.05 |
| Total | Total | Total | 187 | 100.00 | 200 | 100.00 | 194 | 100.00 |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Source: CPHRC | | | | | | | | |
|
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891,
632,
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13,
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2
] | 35
| 0
| 1
|
# 1923 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
The 1923 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours were a set of honours gazetted on 25 May 1923, five days after Bonar Law's resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At the time Bonar Law was seriously ill with cancer of the throat, and his honours list included two physicians who were involved in his care: Sir Thomas Horder and Dr Gould May.
The honours list was comparatively short; in addition to the above two physicians there were just four recipients: his private secretary, his parliamentary private secretary and his two principal private secretaries.
## Baronet
- Sir Thomas Jeeves Horder FRCP
## Knight
- Chichester Gould May, Esq., MRCP
## Order of the Bath
### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
- Lieutenant-colonel Ronald Dockray Waterhouse CB CMG CVO
### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
- Geoffrey Storrs Fry, Esq.
## Order of the Companions of Honour
- John Colin Campbell Davidson, Esq., CB MP
## Royal Victorian Order
### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
- Robert Patrick Malcolm Gower, Esq., CB
|
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] | 36
| 0
| 1
|
# (277810) 2006 FV35
(277810) 2006 FV35, provisional designation 2006 FV35, is a sub-kilometer near-Earth asteroid in the dynamical Apollo asteroid group, discovered by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, on 29 March 2006. It is a quasi-satellite of Earth. It is also notable for having a low delta-v requirement for rendezvous. Although its orbital period is almost exactly 1 year, the orbit of 2006 FV35 has a high eccentricity which causes it to cross the paths of both Venus and Mars.
## Transfer energy
With a semi-major axis of almost exactly 1 astronomical unit, 2006 FV35 has a relatively low transfer energy from Earth. The delta-v required to transfer to the asteroid varies between 11 and 13 km/s; this change in delta-v oscillates over an approximately 200-year period with the current transfer cost near its maximum of 13 km/s.
|
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] | 38
| 0
| 1
|
# (292220) 2006 SU49
(292220) 2006 SU49, provisional designation 2006 SU49, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group that had a small chance of impacting Earth in 2029.
It was discovered on 20 September 2006, by the Spacewatch project at the University of Arizona using the dedicated 0.9-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. The asteroid was calculated to measure 377 meters in diameter with a mass of 7.3×1010 kg.
## Description
2006 SU49 had a 1 in 42,000 chance of impacting Earth on 22 January 2029. By 29 October 2006, it was listed with a Torino Scale impact risk value of 0. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 23 November 2006. It is now known that on 28 January 2029, the asteroid will be 0.00818 AU (1,224,000 km; 760,000 mi) from Earth.
It is a near-Earth asteroid that received minor attention in late September and early October 2006 because initial observations indicated a higher than usual probability that it would strike the Earth in 2029. However, the Near-Earth Object (NEO) Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) removed 2006 SU49 from its risk list as additional observations provided improved predictions that eliminated the possibility of an impact on Earth or the Moon through 2106. Similarly, NEODyS estimates show a zero impact probability through 2080.
2006 SU49 briefly led the Earth-impact hazard list from 27 September 2006 through 4 October 2006, temporarily displacing (144898) 2004 VD17 from the number one position. At the time, both held a Torino scale of level 1 and were the only asteroids to hold a Torino value greater than 0.
Even though 2006 SU49 has an Earth MOID of 0.0003 AU (45,000 km; 28,000 mi), the orbit and future close approaches are well determined with an orbital uncertainty of 0. It is also an Earth-crosser and Mars-crosser asteroid.
|
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338,
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385,
11563,
29899,
29883,
1883,
643,
322,
16852,
29899,
29883,
1883,
643,
20058,
333,
29889,
13,
2
] | 39
| 0
| 1
|
# 1927 Brunswick state election
The 1927 Brunswick state election was held on 27 November 1927 to elect the 48 members of the Landtag of the Free State of Brunswick.
## Results
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| -------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- | ------ | ----- | --- |
| | Social Democratic Party of Germany | 128,317 | 46.20 | 24 | +5 |
| | German People's Party | 39,646 | 14.27 | 8 | −1 |
| | German National People's Party | 26,217 | 9.44 | 5 | −5 |
| | Reich Party of the German Middle Class | 22,605 | 8.14 | 4 | New |
| | Communist Party of Germany | 12,954 | 4.66 | 2 | 0 |
| | Democrats and Farmers' Union (German Democratic Party) | 12,806 | 4.61 | 2 | New |
| | House and Land Owners | 12,328 | 4.44 | 2 | New |
| | Nazi Party | 10,358 | 3.73 | 1 | New |
| | People's Rights Party (Reich Party for Civil Rights and Deflation) | 4,690 | 1.69 | 0 | New |
| | Centre Party | 4,609 | 1.66 | 0 | 0 |
| | Brunswick-Lower Saxony Party (German-Hanoverian Party) | 3,237 | 1.17 | 0 | −1 |
| Total | Total | 277,767 | 100.00 | 48 | 0 |
| | | | | | |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 277,767 | 99.51 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,375 | 0.49 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 279,142 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 336,058 | 83.06 | | |
| Source: Elections in the Weimar Republic, Elections in Germany | | | | | |
|
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891,
308,
891,
4706,
891,
539,
891,
268,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 40
| 0
| 1
|
# .nrw (domain)
.NRW is a top-level domain (TLD) that represents the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The official introduction took place on March 24, 2015. and is currently managed by dotNRW GmbH. This TLD offers a unique online presence for the state and its residents. Although anyone can register for the domain, it is primarily intended for businesses and organizations based in North Rhine-Westphalia.
## About
The .NRW domain is becoming increasingly popular, and it is now commonly used for marketing campaigns, events, and other initiatives. The dotNRW GmbH manages the domain and provides a range of services and support to its users. The company has been instrumental in promoting the use of the .NRW TLD and in ensuring that it remains a secure and reliable online platform. It has been free for citizens and companies to use since March 2015.
One of the strengths of the .NRW domain is the strong community of registrants that support it. This community is made up of businesses, organizations, and individuals who work together to promote the state's culture, economy, and identity. The .NRW domain has become an important part of the state's online presence, and it is expected to continue to grow in popularity in the years to come.
## Usage
The government website open.nrw was the first website to use the new extension. Around 19,500 .nrw domains have been registered as of 2020.
|
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408,
310,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29900,
29889,
13,
2
] | 41
| 0
| 1
|
# 1926 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The 1926 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.
| Player | Team |
| ----------------- | -------------- |
| Jack Cobb | North Carolina |
| George Dixon | California |
| Richard Doyle | Michigan |
| Emanuel Goldblatt | Pennsylvania |
| Gale Gordon | Kansas |
| Vic Hanson | Syracuse |
| Carl Loeb | Princeton |
| Al Peterson | Kansas |
| George Spradling | Purdue |
| Algot Westergren | Oregon |
|
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261,
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29871,
891,
25203,
308,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 42
| 0
| 1
|
# 1-2-3 (fuel station)
1-2-3 is an unmanned fuel station chain in the Nordic and Baltic regions.
It was created in 2000, as the low cost extension of the Statoil chain, and owned by Statoil Fuel & Retail ASA. The first outlet was opened in Kaunas in December 2000. 65 outlets were planned in the Baltic, later to be supplemented by 107 outlets in Norway and Denmark. Unlike the Statoil stations, there are no franchisees, and all stations are vertically integrated.
|
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2
] | 43
| 0
| 1
|
# 10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18/40
The 10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18/40 was a field gun used by Germany in World War II. The 18/40 arose from an O.K.H request to produce a variant of the 10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18 with greater range. Both Krupp and Rheinmetal produced similar, but competing designs. Production was proposed in 1941, but delayed until 1943 because it was felt its introduction would disrupt existing production schedules. When it did go into production it was designated as the 10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18/42. The main difference between the schwere Kanone 18 and schwere Kanone 18/42 were a longer barrel and the same carriage as the 15 cm sFH 18/40.
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2
] | 44
| 0
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# 10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e)
The 10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e) was a German self-propelled artillery piece. It was created by mounting the German 10.5 cm leFH 16 field howitzer onto the chassis of the British Light Tank Mk VI. The vehicle was created by engineer Alfred Becker, who was battery chief of the 12th Battery in the 15th Artillery Regiment, 227th Infantry Division. Becker found abandoned vehicles while his unit was performing coastal protection duties in France. He made use of his artillery crews to build this vehicle and a number of others to motorize his battery. Becker's unit operated the first purpose-built self-propelled artillery of the war. A previous rough-and-ready conversion, the 15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf B, had merely put a sIG 33 inside a superstructure, complete with wheeled carriage.
## Construction
Following the German victory in France in July 1940, the 227th Infantry Division was assigned occupation, security, and coastal defense duties along the Normandy coast near Le Havre. There, Becker came across British armored vehicles that had been left behind. A mechanical engineer in civilian life, Becker considered the benefits that could be derived in mobility from mounting his artillery guns directly onto the chassis of the abandoned tanks. Becker's unit had been drawn from the Krefeld area. Krefeld was a manufacturing town, and many of the men who had been called up along with Becker were skilled workers in the iron processing industry. Recruiting the men of his battery and working by shift day and night, he set about his project.
The light but reliable British Mark VI Light Tank was selected by Becker for the chassis to mount the 10.5 cm howitzer on. The Mk VI's design made it suitable for use as artillery self-propelled guns, since the engine, transmission, steering assembly and drive wheels were all grouped together in the front of the chassis, leaving the rear of the vehicle available for the gun and the crew.
The superstructure and turret of the tank was removed. He then mounted the 10.5 cm leFH 16 howitzer just aft of the midpoint of the chassis. The location of the gun's mounting allowed the crew the room they needed to work the gun, and the commander was provided a better field of vision. To protect the crew, a metal housing was erected around the rear of the vehicle. Having worked at Deutsche Edelstahlwerke in Krefeld before the war, Becker was able to have them produce the plates he needed to form the shielding for the crew. He measured out the dimensions needed and had the plates manufactured and then shipped out to France. The steel plating ranged in thickness from 11 to 22 mm (0.43 to 0.87 in) The armour was too light to stop heavy shells or armour piercing rounds, but served to protect the crew from small arms fire and shrapnel fragments.
The crew compartment was small. The commander was positioned at the rear of the vehicle on the left. He had access to a range finding periscope which was mounted to the side of the vehicle. The gunner was directly in front of the commander. A gun sight extended above the shielding in front of him. The loader was on the right, and he had access to a tray of rounds stored behind the breech. In front of the loader sat the driver.
The vehicle was open topped. A machine gun could be mounted to the front of the shielding on the right. Though not intended for close combat, the crew had access to their personal weapons as well, which they could fire over the top of the fighting compartment if need be. A tarpaulin could be fitted to the top to give the crew some protection from the weather.
To provide stability when firing the relatively heavy gun from a rather light chassis, Becker used a lowered rear spur at rear to absorb the considerable recoil force. This recoil brake was made of a square steel frame reinforced with two cross bars. At the bottom were a pair of V-shaped "spades" which dug into the ground when firing.
The 10.5 cm leFH 16 main gun was a howitzer that had been first used by the German Army in World War I. Its maximum firing range was 9,225 m (10,089 yd), with a muzzle velocity of 395 metres per second (1,300 ft/s). The high explosive round was two-part; the high explosive shell would be loaded first followed by the cartridge propellant case. Depending on the range of the target, different sized bags of propellant were inserted into the cartridge.
Though an armour piercing round could be provided to the guns, the relatively low muzzle velocity gave it poor penetrative power. Used for direct-fire against armored vehicles, it could penetrate as much as 52 mm of armor plate at a range of 500 meters.
Over a six-month period Becker's unit succeeded in creating a complete battery, mobilizing twelve of the battalion's 10.5 cm leFH 16 howitzers. He also built six other vehicles mounting the larger 15 cm sFH 13 heavy guns, twelve munitions carrying versions of the Mk.VI, several munitions carrying versions of the Bren gun carrier and four armoured command tank versions of the Mk. VI.
Though awkward, the vehicle designation 10.5 cm LeFH 16 auf Geschützwagen Mk.VI(e) is descriptive. 10.5 cm LeFH 16 is the name of the gun mounted. auf Geschützwagen translates to 'on gun car'. Mk.VI refers to the Mk VI that is the chassis, and the letter 'e' for englisch that the vehicle was originally British manufacture. Some early images of the vehicles show the letters Gp followed by a number on the left side of the armor plate of the vehicle. Gp is an abbreviation for Geschützpanzer which translates as "gun tank" or "self-propelled gun", and the number indicates which one of those vehicles it is.
## Operational history
The battery's initial test firing was done at the range at Harfleur near Le Havre, France. The complete battery was tested at the training grounds at Beverloo, Belgium.
The vehicles saw their first use in combat when the 227th Infantry Division was transferred to Army Group North. In September 1941 the division was given orders to transfer from France to the east, and arrived there by rail later that autumn. The division took up positions in the forests south of Lake Ladoga as the German forces took up a defensive posture. The 227th was the only division on the Eastern Front to have a motorized artillery battery. When the 254th Infantry Division was under pressure and required extra artillery support, the 12th battery was temporarily transferred there. The fact that the battery could be moved easily and quickly made Becker's battery soon recognized as a ready, mobile force whose firepower could be quickly brought to bear. The battery was used to provide support to a variety of units through the next two months, however, when called upon to provide direct fire support for an infantry attack the battery suffered its first casualties. Four men, including Captain Becker, were wounded; their vehicles were small and lacked the heavy armour of an assault vehicle.
On 11 November 1941 a platoon of the battery was engaged with Soviet T-40 light tanks of the 2nd Tank Brigade. These light tanks mounted machine guns, but no heavy gun. A German battle report noted one of the self-propelled guns was hit 16 times, but its armor plate was not penetrated. The battery was again ordered to operate as assault guns on 15 November to support an attack of the 223rd Infantry Division. One of the vehicles was heavily damaged after running over a mine and three men were killed. The vehicle had to be left behind, but was recovered three days later.
The battery continued to conduct artillery fire support missions over the winter and spring of 1942. The battery's division, the 227th Infantry Division, continued to be engaged in fighting south of Lake Ladoga around the village of Pogost'ye. On 16 February 1942 the battery encountered KV-1 heavy tanks of the 124th tank battalion of the Soviet 54th Army. The 10.5 cm armour piercing ammunition used by the German gun crews was unable to knock out the KV-1s, and three of the 10.5 cm LeFH 16 auf Geschützwagen Mk.VI(e) self-propelled guns were destroyed.
In March 1942 three vehicles provided close support for troops moving along roads near Pogostyle. Over the next several months the self-propelled guns were gradually lost, most often by mine damage, but one was destroyed by direct fire from a tank of the 98th Tank Brigade. In August 1942 the OKH requested one of the Becker-designed vehicles be withdrawn and shipped to Berlin. On 2 September 1942 Becker and one of his crews presented the vehicle to Adolf Hitler and officers of the Army Ordnance Office in the garden of the Reich Chancellery. Following this meeting, Becker was withdrawn from the Eastern front and sent to France to build conversions using other captured or damaged vehicles.
## Further development
Becker had built the first German battery of purpose-built self-propelled artillery. This marked the start of a development that led to the creation of a separate mobilized artillery branch in the German army. This had been envisioned by Heinz Guderian as a component of the panzer division, but, apart from the Sturmpanzer I, such vehicles had not been developed thus far due to limitations in material and the priority on tank production. Subsequently, Germany produced self-propelled guns based on its own armored vehicle chassis, such as the Wespe using the Panzer II light tank and the Hummel based on the Panzer IV medium tank. The mobile artillery battery was a significant contribution to the further development of the panzer force. For his work on mobilizing the artillery pieces Becker was awarded the German Cross in Gold.
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2
] | 45
| 0
| 1
|
# 1926 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
The 1926 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested as part of the third annual NCAA swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.
The championship was hosted by the United States Naval Academy at Scott Natatorium in Annapolis, Maryland.
Only individual championships were officially contested during the first thirteen-NCAA sponsored swimming and diving championships. Unofficial team standings were kept but a team title was not officially awarded until 1937.
Navy is acknowledged as this year's unofficial team champion, the second such title (and second consecutive) for the Midshipmen.
|
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18942,
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278,
13370,
3527,
1527,
29889,
13,
2
] | 46
| 0
| 1
|
# 1928 in Denmark
Events from the year 1928 in Denmark.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Christian X[1]
- Prime minister – Thomas Madsen-Mygdal
## Events
- 20 March – Haandarbejdets Fremme is founded.
- 21 September – The 1928 Landsting election is held.
### Date unknown
- Dronningborg Boldklub football club is established.[2]
## Sports
- 28 July – 12 August – Denmark wins three gold medals, one silver medal and two bronze medals at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
## Births
- 25 February – Paul Elvstrøm, yachtsman (died 2016)
- 11 May – Nils Foss, engineer, company founder (died 2018)
- 25 March – Gunnar Nielsen, athlete (died 1985)
- 3 August – Henning Moritzen, actor (died 2012)
- 3 October – Erik Bruhn, ballet dancer (died 1986)
- 4 October – Torben Ulrich, tennis player, writer, musician, filmmaker (died 2023)
- 25 October – Peter Naur, computer science pioneer (died 2016)
- 7 November – Grethe Krogh, organist and professor (died 2018)[3][4]
## Deaths
- 13 January – Johan Peter Koch, captain and arctic explorer (born 1870)
- 25 March – Nina Bang, politician (born 1866)
- 29 April – Fanny Garde, ceramist and designer (born 1855)
- 2 July – Anton Rosen, architect (born 1859)
- 6 October – Peter Hansen, painter (born 1868)
- 13 October – Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia (born 1847)
- 15 November – Godfred Christensen, painter (born 1845)
|
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3384,
3502,
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13,
13,
2277,
9266,
3774,
1237,
13,
29899,
2598,
1279,
785,
6111,
1060,
29961,
29896,
29962,
13,
29899,
15512,
11050,
785,
5569,
4104,
4881,
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13,
13,
13,
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13,
29899,
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29900,
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26012,
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383,
1745,
1004,
338,
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13,
29899,
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29906,
29896,
3839,
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450,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29906,
29947,
3172,
303,
292,
8271,
338,
4934,
29889,
13,
13,
13,
2277,
29937,
4712,
9815,
13,
29899,
360,
1617,
1076,
14203,
350,
1025,
6321,
431,
5733,
4402,
338,
7841,
7226,
29906,
29962,
13,
13,
13,
2277,
12453,
13,
29899,
29871,
29906,
29947,
5468,
785,
29871,
29896,
29906,
3111,
785,
3384,
3502,
21614,
2211,
7684,
1612,
1338,
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697,
13283,
12807,
322,
1023,
18449,
1612,
1338,
472,
278,
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29906,
29947,
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13,
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261,
313,
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29900,
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785,
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476,
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2894,
391,
322,
12251,
313,
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1000,
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29900,
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9601,
29941,
3816,
29946,
29962,
13,
13,
13,
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13,
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29896,
29941,
5490,
785,
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5310,
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322,
564,
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313,
4939,
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383,
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311,
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314,
391,
322,
23383,
313,
4939,
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29947,
29945,
29945,
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13,
29899,
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29906,
5468,
785,
5774,
28929,
29892,
6956,
313,
4939,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29945,
29929,
29897,
13,
29899,
29871,
29953,
5533,
785,
5310,
6971,
264,
29892,
23187,
313,
4939,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29953,
29947,
29897,
13,
29899,
29871,
29896,
29941,
5533,
785,
6217,
5169,
17606,
586,
1056,
29892,
2812,
2139,
310,
12710,
313,
4939,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29946,
29955,
29897,
13,
29899,
29871,
29896,
29945,
3979,
785,
4177,
18447,
2819,
14762,
29892,
23187,
313,
4939,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29946,
29945,
29897,
13,
13,
2
] | 47
| 0
| 1
|
# 1928–29 Canadian Professional Hockey League season
The 1928–29 CPHL season was the third season of the Canadian Professional Hockey League, a minor professional ice hockey league in Ontario, Canada, with one team based in Detroit, Michigan and another based in Buffalo, New York. Eight teams participated in the league, and the Windsor Bulldogs won the championship.
## Regular season
| Overall | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |
| ------------------------- | -- | -- | -- | - | --- | --- | --- |
| Detroit Olympics | 42 | 27 | 10 | 5 | 59 | 131 | 67 |
| Windsor Bulldogs | 42 | 25 | 12 | 5 | 55 | 114 | 76 |
| Toronto Millionaires | 42 | 19 | 16 | 7 | 45 | 94 | 88 |
| Kitchener Flying Dutchmen | 42 | 19 | 19 | 4 | 42 | 105 | 113 |
| Buffalo Bisons | 42 | 17 | 18 | 7 | 41 | 89 | 72 |
| London Panthers | 42 | 16 | 22 | 4 | 36 | 86 | 113 |
| Hamilton Tigers | 42 | 14 | 24 | 4 | 32 | 83 | 115 |
| Niagara Falls Cataracts | 42 | 12 | 28 | 2 | 26 | 70 | 128 |
## Playoffs
### Semifinals
Best of 3
- Toronto 0 @ Detroit 3
- Toronto 5 @ Detroit 6
Detroit Olympics beat Toronto Millionaires 2 wins to none.
- Kitchener 1 @ Windsor 0
- Kitchener 1 @ Windsor 2
- Kitchener 0 @ Windsor 4
Windsor Bulldogs beat Kitchener Flying Dutchmen 2 wins to 1.
### Final
Best of 5
- Windsor 1 @ Detroit 2
- Detroit 0 @ Windsor 2
- Windsor 0 @ Detroit 2
- Detroit 0 @ Windsor 3
- Windsor 3 Detroit 1 @ Fort Erie
Windsor Bulldogs beat Detroit Olympics 3 wins to 2.
|
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418,
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891,
29871,
29955,
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891,
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29947,
891,
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13,
13,
2277,
7412,
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13,
13,
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361,
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13,
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310,
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13,
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13,
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732,
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13,
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304,
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13,
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310,
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13,
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399,
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272,
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732,
399,
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272,
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29906,
13,
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399,
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272,
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732,
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29906,
13,
29899,
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399,
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13,
13,
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272,
8313,
430,
12099,
16646,
25749,
16373,
29871,
29941,
21614,
304,
29871,
29906,
29889,
13,
2
] | 48
| 0
| 1
|
# 10 Leonis Minoris
10 Leonis Minoris is a single variable star in the northern constellation Leo Minor, located approximately 191 light years away based on parallax. It has the variable star designation SU Leonis Minoris; 10 Leonis Minoris is the Flamsteed designation. This body is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.54. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −12 km/s.
This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8.5 III.
It is reported as a RS CVn variable with magnitude varying by 0.02 mag. and showing a high level of chromospheric activity. The star has 2.54 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 46 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,099 K.
|
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263,
2323,
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278,
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304,
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29955,
3064,
278,
8991,
29915,
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11855,
29889,
739,
338,
17937,
1218,
29871,
29946,
29953,
3064,
278,
19703,
8226,
537,
310,
278,
8991,
515,
967,
427,
27489,
287,
20612,
9085,
472,
385,
11828,
10430,
310,
29871,
29945,
29892,
29900,
29929,
29929,
30081,
29968,
29889,
13,
2
] | 49
| 0
| 1
|
# 1928–29 Challenge Cup
The 1928–29 Challenge Cup was the 29th staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.
The final was contested by Wigan and Dewsbury at Wembley Stadium in London. This was the first Challenge Cup final to be held at Wembley.
The final was played on Saturday 4 May 1929, where Wigan beat Dewsbury 13–2 in front of a crowd of 41,500.
## First round
| Date | Team one | Score one | Team two | Score two |
| ----- | ----------------- | --------- | -------------------- | --------- |
| 9 Feb | Bradford Northern | 2 | Halifax | 5 |
| 9 Feb | Bramley | 0 | Oldham | 16 |
| 9 Feb | Broughton Rangers | 2 | St Helens Recs | 13 |
| 9 Feb | Castleford | 31 | Whitehaven Recs | 7 |
| 9 Feb | Dewsbury | 37 | Cottingham | 0 |
| 9 Feb | Huddersfield | 21 | Widnes | 11 |
| 9 Feb | Hull FC | 11 | Wakefield Trinity | 5 |
| 9 Feb | Hunslet | 16 | Hull Kingston Rovers | 7 |
| 9 Feb | Lindley | 2 | St Helens | 32 |
| 9 Feb | Rochdale Hornets | 2 | Barrow | 6 |
| 9 Feb | Salford | 5 | Keighley | 9 |
| 9 Feb | Swinton | 5 | Leigh | 2 |
| 9 Feb | Warrington | 8 | Leeds | 0 |
| 9 Feb | Wigan Highfield | 45 | Uno's Dabs | 0 |
| 9 Feb | Wigan | 25 | Batley | 0 |
| 9 Feb | York | 0 | Featherstone Rovers | 10 |
## Second round
| Date | Team one | Score one | Team two | Score two |
| ------ | ------------------- | --------- | -------------- | --------- |
| 23 Feb | Castleford | 8 | Huddersfield | 0 |
| 23 Feb | Dewsbury | 14 | Swinton | 7 |
| 23 Feb | Featherstone Rovers | 0 | St Helens Recs | 13 |
| 23 Feb | Halifax | 16 | Barrow | 0 |
| 23 Feb | St Helens | 26 | Keighley | 5 |
| 23 Feb | Warrington | 7 | Oldham | 0 |
| 23 Feb | Wigan | 16 | Hunslet | 0 |
| 4 Mar | Wigan Highfield | 17 | Hull FC | 5 |
## Quarterfinals
| Date | Team one | Score one | Team two | Score two |
| ------ | ---------- | --------- | --------------- | --------- |
| 9 Mar | Castleford | 8 | Wigan Highfield | 0 |
| 9 Mar | Halifax | 0 | St Helens Recs | 21 |
| 9 Mar | St Helens | 2 | Wigan | 2 |
| 9 Mar | Warrington | 4 | Dewsbury | 10 |
| 13 Mar | Wigan | 25 | St Helens | 5 |
## Semifinals
| Date | Team one | Score one | Team two | Score two |
| ------ | -------------- | --------- | -------------- | --------- |
| 6 Apr | Dewsbury | 9 | Castleford | 3 |
| 6 Apr | Wigan | 7 | St Helens Recs | 7 |
| 10 Apr | St Helens Recs | 12 | Wigan | 13 |
## Final
| 4 May 1929 |
| Wigan | 13 – 2 | Dewsbury |
| --------------------------------------------- | ------ | ------------ |
| Try: Abram, Brown, Kinnear Goal: Sullivan (2) | Report | Goal: Davies |
| FB | 1 | Jim Sullivan |
| RW | 2 | Johnny Ring |
| RC | 3 | Tommy Parker |
| LC | 4 | Roy Kinnear |
| LW | 5 | Lou Brown |
| SO | 6 | Arthur Binks |
| SH | 7 | Syd Abram |
| PR | 8 | Wilf Hodder |
| HK | 9 | Jack Bennett |
| PR | 10 | Tom Beetham |
| SR | 11 | Frank Stephens |
| SR | 12 | Len Mason |
| LF | 13 | John Sherrington |
| FB | 1 | Jack Davies |
| RW | 2 | Tommy Bailey |
| RC | 3 | Clifford Smith |
| LC | 4 | Herbert Hirst |
| LW | 5 | Henry Coates |
| SO | 6 | John Woolmore |
| SH | 7 | Jim Rudd |
| PR | 8 | James Hobson |
| HK | 9 | Percy Brown |
| PR | 10 | William Rhodes |
| SR | 11 | Harry Bland |
| SR | 12 | Joe Malkin |
| LF | 13 | Joe Lyman |
|
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2
] | 50
| 0
| 1
|
# 1929 in radio
The year 1929 in radio involved some significant events.
## Events
- 8 January – CBS purchases New York City radio station WABC from the Atlantic Broadcasting Company.
- 10 January – WTFF (The Fellowship Forum, a station formerly owned by the Ku Klux Klan) in Mt. Vernon, Virginia (modern-day WFED) changes its call letters to WJSV. While the call letters are claimed to stand for "Jesus Saves Virginia", they actually stand for James S. Vance, a Grand Wizard in the state and publisher of the station's owner, "The Fellowship Forum" (a shell organization for the KKK). Vance arranges an affiliation deal with CBS Radio, which also involves operations and programming for WJSV..
- 29 October – Radio Moscow makes its first foreign language broadcast, in German.[1]
## Debuts
- (undated) – The Chase and Sanborn Hour debuts on NBC.
- 14 January – Empire Builders debuts on NBC-Blue.[2]
- 17 January – Aunt Jemima debuts on CBS.[2]
- January – George Gershwin's An American in Paris[3]
- 15 July – Music & the Spoken Word on KSL and the CBS radio network, the longest-running continuous network radio program in the US.
- 19 August – Amos 'n Andy debuts on the NBC Blue radio network.
- 1 October – Blackstone Plantation debuts on CBS.[2]
- 24 October – Fleischmann's Yeast Hour, starring Rudy Vallee, debuts on NBC.
- 6 November – Week in Westminster debuts on the BBC Home Service; it will still be running more than 90 years later.
- 20 November – The Rise of the Goldbergs (later called just The Goldbergs), starring Gertrude Berg, debuts on NBC.
## Births
- 23 January – Myron Cope (died 2008), American sports journalist, radio personality and sports broadcaster best known for being the voice of the Pittsburgh Steelers.
- 14 March – Bob Grant (died 2013), American conservative talk radio host.
- 27 April – Derek Chinnery (died 2015), British radio controller.
- 20 August – Tom Clay (died 1995), American radio personality and disc jockey.
- 25 September – Ronnie Barker (died 2015), English comic actor.
- 25 November – Tim Gudgin (died 2017), English sports results announcer.
- 29 November – Derek Jameson (died 2012), English newspaper editor and broadcaster.
- 30 November – Dick Clark (died 2012), American television and radio personality, game show host and businessman, chairman and CEO of Dick Clark Productions.
- 5 December – Richard Beebe (died 1998), American radio personality and comedian (The Credibility Gap).
- 28 December – Brian Redhead (died 1994), English radio news presenter.
|
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1522,
774,
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313,
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1000,
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29929,
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511,
3082,
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2022,
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313,
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313,
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1000,
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29929,
29929,
29946,
511,
4223,
7155,
9763,
2198,
261,
29889,
13,
13,
2
] | 51
| 0
| 1
|
# 10th TCA Awards
The 10th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association. Ellen DeGeneres hosted the ceremony at the Universal City Hilton and Towers on July 22, 1994. DeGeneres was the first celebrity guest to host the TCA Awards.
## Winners and nominees
| Category | Winner | Other Nominees |
| ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Program of the Year | Late Show with David Letterman (CBS) | - 1994 Winter Olympics (CBS) - The Great Depression (PBS) - Gypsy (CBS) - NYPD Blue (ABC) - Prime Suspect 3 (PBS) |
| Outstanding Achievement in Comedy | Frasier (NBC) | - The Larry Sanders Show (HBO) - Late Show with David Letterman (CBS) - Seinfeld (NBC) - The Simpsons (Fox) |
| Outstanding Achievement in Drama | NYPD Blue (ABC) | - Homicide: Life on the Street (NBC) - Law & Order (NBC) - Prime Suspect 3 (PBS) - The X-Files (Fox) |
| Outstanding Achievement in Specials | Prime Suspect 3 (PBS) | - Gypsy (CBS) - One for the Road with Charles Kuralt and Morley Safer (CBS) - Tales of the City (PBS) |
| Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming | Linda Ellerbee (Nickelodeon) | - Animaniacs (Fox) - Beakman's World (The Learning Channel/CBS) - Bill Nye the Science Guy (PBS) - Sesame Street (PBS) - Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (PBS) |
| Outstanding Achievement in News and Information | Nightline (ABC) | - 60 Minutes (CBS) - CBS News Sunday Morning (CBS) - Frontline (PBS) - The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour (PBS) |
| Outstanding Achievement in Sports | 1994 Winter Olympics (CBS) | - 1993 World Series (CBS) - 1994 NCAA Final Four (CBS) - Baseball Tonight (ESPN) - SportsCenter (ESPN) |
| Career Achievement Award | Charles Kuralt | - Roone Arledge - Steven Bochco - David Letterman - Ted Turner |
### Multiple nominations
The following shows received multiple nominations:
| Nominations | Recipient |
| ----------- | ------------------------------ |
| 3 | Prime Suspect 3 |
| 2 | 1994 Winter Olympics |
| 2 | Late Show with David Letterman |
| 2 | Gypsy |
| 2 | NYPD Blue |
|
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13,
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29906,
965,
891,
23526,
25014,
10924,
462,
418,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 52
| 0
| 1
|
# 1930 in Michigan
This article covers events from the year 1930 in Michigan.
## Office holders
### State office holders
- Governor of Michigan: Fred W. Green (Republican)
- Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: Luren Dickinson (Republican)
- Michigan Attorney General: Wilber M. Brucker (Republican)
- Michigan Secretary of State: John S. Haggerty (Republican)
- Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives: Fred R. Ming (Republican)
- Chief Justice, Michigan Supreme Court: Henry M. Butzel
### Mayors of major cities
- Mayor of Detroit: Charles Bowles (Republican)
- Mayor of Grand Rapids: John D. Karel
- Mayor of Flint: Harvey J. Mallery
- Mayor of Lansing: Laird J. Troyer
- Mayor of Saginaw: Ben N. Mercer
- Mayor of Ann Arbor: Edward W. Staebler
### Federal office holders
- U.S. Senator from Michigan: James J. Couzens (Republican)
- U.S. Senator from Michigan: Arthur Vandenberg (Republican)
- House District 1: Robert H. Clancy (Republican)
- House District 2: Earl C. Michener (Republican)
- House District 3: Joseph L. Hooper (Republican)
- House District 4: John C. Ketcham (Republican)
- House District 5: Carl E. Mapes (Republican)
- House District 6: Grant M. Hudson (Republican)
- House District 7: Louis C. Cramton (Republican)
- House District 8: Bird J. Vincent (Republican)
- House District 9: James C. McLaughlin (Republican)
- House District 10: Roy O. Woodruff (Republican)
- House District 11: Frank P. Bohn (Republican)
- House District 12: W. Frank James (Republican)
- House District 13: Clarence J. McLeod (Republican)
## Population
In the 1930 United States census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 4,842,325, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1940, Michigan's population had increased by 8.5% to 5,256,106.
### Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 20,000 based on 1930 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1920 and 1940 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.
| 1930 Rank | City | County | 1920 Pop. | 1930 Pop. | 1940 Pop. | Change 1930-40 |
| --------- | ------------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | -------------- |
| 1 | Detroit | Wayne | 993,678 | 1,568,662 | 1,623,452 | 3.5% |
| 2 | Grand Rapids | Kent | 137,634 | 168,592 | 164,292 | −2.6% |
| 3 | Flint | Genesee | 91,599 | 156,492 | 151,543 | −3.2% |
| 4 | Saginaw | Saginaw | 61,903 | 80,715 | 82,794 | 2.6% |
| 5 | Lansing | Ingham | 57,327 | 78,397 | 78,753 | 0.5% |
| 6 | Pontiac | Oakland | 34,273 | 64,928 | 66,626 | 2.6% |
| 7 | Hamtramck | Wayne | 48,615 | 56,268 | 49,839 | −11.4% |
| 8 | Jackson | Jackson | 48,374 | 55,187 | 49,656 | −10.0% |
| 9 | Kalamazoo | Kalamazoo | 48,487 | 54,786 | 54,097 | −1.3% |
| 10 | Highland Park | Wayne | 46,499 | 52,959 | 50,810 | −4.1% |
| 11 | Dearborn | Wayne | 2,470 | 50,358 | 63,589 | 26.3% |
| 12 | Bay City | Bay | 47,554 | 47,355 | 47,956 | 1.3% |
| 13 | Battle Creek | Calhoun | 36,164 | 45,573 | 43,453 | −4.7% |
| 14 | Muskegon | Muskegon | 36,570 | 41,390 | 47,697 | 15.2% |
| 15 | Port Huron | St. Clair | 25,944 | 31,361 | 32,759 | 4.5% |
| 16 | Wyandotte | Wayne | 13,851 | 28,368 | 30,618 | 7.9% |
| 17 | Ann Arbor | Washtenaw | 19,516 | 26,944 | 29,815 | 10.7% |
| 18 | Royal Oak | Oakland | 6,007 | 22,904 | 25,087 | 9.5% |
| 19 | Ferndale | Oakland | 2,640 | 20,855 | 22,523 | 8.0% |
### Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 50,000 based on 1930 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1920 and 1940 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.
| 1930 Rank | County | Largest city | 1920 Pop. | 1930 Pop. | 1940 Pop. | Change 1930-40 |
| --------- | --------- | ------------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | -------------- |
| 1 | Wayne | Detroit | 1,177,645 | 1,888,946 | 2,015,623 | 6.7% |
| 2 | Kent | Grand Rapids | 183,041 | 240,511 | 246,338 | 2.4% |
| 3 | Genesee | Flint | 125,668 | 211,641 | 227,944 | 7.7% |
| 4 | Oakland | Pontiac | 90,050 | 211,251 | 254,068 | 20.3% |
| 5 | Saginaw | Saginaw | 100,286 | 120,717 | 130,468 | 8.1% |
| 6 | Ingham | Lansing | 81,554 | 116,587 | 130,616 | 12.0% |
| 7 | Jackson | Jackson | 72,539 | 92,304 | 93,108 | 0.9% |
| 8 | Kalamazoo | Kalamazoo | 71,225 | 91,368 | 100,085 | 9.5% |
| 9 | Calhoun | Battle Creek | 72,918 | 87,043 | 94,206 | 8.2% |
| 10 | Muskegon | Muskegon | 62,362 | 84,630 | 94,501 | 11.7% |
| 11 | Berrien | Benton Harbor | 62,653 | 81,066 | 89,117 | 9.9% |
| 12 | Macomb | Warren | 38,103 | 77,146 | 107,638 | 39.5% |
| 13 | Bay | Bay City | 69,548 | 69,474 | 74,981 | 7.9% |
| 14 | St. Clair | Port Huron | 58,009 | 67,563 | 76,222 | 12.8% |
| 15 | Washtenaw | Ann Arbor | 49,520 | 65,530 | 80,810 | 23.3% |
| 16 | Ottawa | Holland | 47,660 | 54,858 | 59,660 | 8.8% |
| 17 | Houghton | Houghton | 71,930 | 52,851 | 47,631 | −9.9% |
| 18 | Monroe | Monroe | 37,115 | 52,485 | 58,620 | 11.7% |
| 19 | Lenawee | Adrian | 47,767 | 49,849 | 53,110 | 6.5% |
## Sports
### Baseball
- 1930 Detroit Tigers season – Under manager Bucky Harris, the Tigers compiled a 75–79 record and finished in fifth place in the American League. The team's statistical leaders included Charlie Gehringer with a .330 batting average, 47 doubles, and 15 triples, Dale Alexander with 20 home runs and 135 RBIs, Earl Whitehill with 17 wins, and Whit Wyatt with a 3.57 earned run average.[3]
- 1930 Michigan Wolverines baseball season - Under head coach Ray Fisher, the Wolverines compiled a 9–15–1 record.[4]
### American football
- 1930 Michigan Wolverines football team – The Wolverines compiled an 8–0–1 record and tied for the Big Ten Conference championship.[5]
- 1930 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team – Under head coach Elton Rynearson, the Hurons compiled a record of 6–1, won the Michigan Collegiate Conference championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 145 to 14.
- 1930 Michigan State Spartans football team – Under head coach Jim Crowley, the Spartans compiled a 5–1–2 record.[6]
- 1930 Western State Hilltoppers football team – Under head coach Mike Gary, the Hilltoppers compiled a 5–1–1 record and outscored opponents, 192 to 25.
- 1930 Central State Bearcats football team – Under head coach Butch Nowack, the Bearcats compiled a 6–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 108 to 81.
- 1930 Detroit Titans football team – The Titans compiled a 5–3–2 record under head coach Gus Dorais.[7]
### Basketball
- 1929–30 Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball team – Under head coach Buck Read, the Broncos compiled a perfect 17–0 record.[8]
- 1929–30 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team – Under head coach Benjamin Van Alstyne, the Spartans compiled a 12–4 record.[9]
- 1929–30 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team – Under head coach George Veenker, the Wolverines compiled a 9–5 record.[10]
- 1920–30 Detroit Titans men's basketball team – Under head coach Louis Conroy, the Titans compiled a 10–9 record.[11]
### Ice hockey
- 1929–30 Detroit Cougars season – Under general manager and coach Jack Adams, the Red Wings compiled a 14–24–6 record. The team's statistical leaders included Herbie Lewis with 20 goals and Carson Cooper with 18 assists and 36 points. Bill Beveridge was the team's goaltender.[12]
- 1929–30 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team – Under head coach Ed Lowrey, the Wolverines compiled a 12–7–2 record.[13]
- 1929–30 Michigan College of Mines and Technology men's ice hockey team – Under head coach Bert Noblet, the Michigan College of Mines and Technology (later renamed Michigan Technological University) team compiled a 2–7 record.[14]
- 1929–30 Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey team – Under head coach John Kobs, the Spartans compiled a 1–4 record.[15]
### Other
- Harmsworth Cup – On September 1, Gar Wood won the Harmsworth Cup driving the Miss America IX on the Detroit River with a record average speed of 77.390 miles per hour.[16]
- Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race –
## Chronology of events
### November
- November 4 - A number of elections occurred, including:
- United States Senate - Republican James J. Couzens was re-elected.
- United States House of Representatives - All 13 of Michigan's U.S. Representatives won re-election except for Grant M. Hudson in Michigan's 6th congressional district, who was not renominated and was replaced by fellow Republican, Seymour H. Person, and Louis C. Cramton in Michigan's 7th congressional district, who was also not renominated and was replaced by fellow Republican, Jesse P. Wolcott. The delegation remained entirely Republican.[17]
- Michigan Governor - Republican nominee, Wilber M. Brucker, defeated Democratic nominee William Comstock.[18]
## Births
- January 2 - Andy McDonald, football player and coach (Northern Arizona 1965-68), in Flint
- January 9 - Charles Kettles, United States Army lieutenant colonel and Medal of Honor recipient for heroism in Vietnam War, in Ypsilanti
- January 24 - Donald E. Stewart, Academy Award winning screenwriter (Missing, The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games), in Detroit
- January 26 - Thomas Gumbleton, auxiliary bishop of Detroit known for his anti-war protests during Vietnam War and his advocacy on behalf of homosexuals, in Detroit
- February 8 - Bob Carey, football player at Michigan State and in the NFL, in Charlevoix, Michigan
- February 10 - Robert Wagner, actor (It Takes a Thief, Hart to Hart), in Detroit
- February 26 - Tom Saidock, football player at Michigan State and in the NFL, in Detroit
- February 28 - Robert John Rose, Roman Catholic Bishop of Gaylord (1981–89) and Grand Rapids (1989–2003), in Grand Rapids
- March 9 - Thomas Schippers, conductor known for his work with the New York Philharmonic, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and Metropolitan Opera, in Kalamazoo
- March 13 - Harrison Young, film and television actor (eld
|
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2
] | 53
| 0
| 2
|
vt. Ryan in Saving Private Ryan), in Port Huron
- March 15 - Wilma Vaught, first woman to deploy with an Air Force bomber unit and the first woman to reach the rank of brigadier general, in Pontiac
- March 26 - Franklin H. Westervelt, pioneer in the use computers in engineering education, in Benton Harbor, Michigan
- March 28 - Robert Ashley, composer best known for his operas and other theatrical works, many of which incorporated electronics and extended techniques, in Ann Arbor
- April 1 - Grace Lee Whitney, actress (yeoman Janice Rand on Star Trek), in Ann Arbor
- May 31 - Gary Brandner, horror fiction writer (The Howling trilogy of novels), in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
- July 1 - Margaret A. Brewer, first female in the United States Marine Corps to reach the rank of general officer, in Durand, Michigan
- July 8 - Earl Van Dyke, main keyboardist for Motown's in-house Funk Brothers band during the late 1960s and early 1970s, in Detroit
- July 15 - Stephen Smale, mathematician specializing in dynamical systems and mathematical economics who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966, in Flint
- October 4 - James Callahan, film and television actor from 1959 to 2006 (Charles in Charge and M*A*S*H: Sometimes You Hear the Bullet), in Grand Rapids
- October 10 - Ray Truant, played on two Grey Cup championship teams in the Canadian Football League, in Detroit
- October 19 - Joe Koppe, Major League Baseball shortstop from 1958 to 1965, in Detroit
- November 25 - Clarke Scholes, winner of gold medal in 100-meter freestyle swimming at 1952 Summer Olympics, in Detroit
## Deaths
- January 25 - Harry Burns Hutchins, President of the University of Michigan (1909–1920), at age 83 in Ann Arbor[19]
- February 14 - Salvatore Catalanotte, an Italian-American mobster and boss of Detroit's Unione Siciliana from 1920 to 1930, in Detroit
- March 21 - Claude H. Van Tyne, University of Michigan history professor who won Pulitzer Prize for The War of Independence, at age 60 in Ann Arbor[20]
- April 5 - Samuel Halpert, painter and head the painting department at the School of the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts, in Detroit[21]
- April 14 - Frank Kitson, Major League Baseball pitcher (1898-1907), at age 61 at his farm outside of Allegan, Michigan[22]
- April 23 - Larry Twitchell, Major League Baseball pitcher, compiled an 11-1 record for the National League champion Detroit Wolverines in 1887 while batting .333, at age 68 in Cleveland[23]
- May 26 - David D. Aitken, U.S. Congressman (1893-1897) and Mayor of Flint (1904-1905), at age 76 in Flint[24]
- May 31 - Gaspar Milazzo, aka Gaspari Lombardo, a major organized-crime figure in Detroit during the Prohibition era, in a barrage of shotgun blasts at the Vernor Highway Fish Market in Detroit[25]
- October 15 - Herbert Henry Dow, inventor of chemical processes, compounds, and products, and founder of Dow Chemical, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota[26]
- October 24 - Joseph Boyer, businessman who moved the Burroughs Adding Machine Company from St. Louis to Detroit, in Detroit[27]
- December 8 - Julius Rolshoven, painter and Detroit native, at age 72 at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City[28]
- December 20 - Gerrit J. Diekema, U.S. Congressman (1885-1891), at age 71 at The Hague, Netherlands[29]
- Full date unknown - Charles H. Manly, American Civil War veteran, member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1887–1888), Mayor of Ann Arbor (1890–1891), hit by train around age 86-87 in Jackson[30]
|
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368,
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29955,
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310,
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313,
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5046,
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29947,
29955,
297,
11886,
29961,
29941,
29900,
29962,
13,
13,
2
] | 53
| 1
| 2
|
# 1164 in Ireland
Events from the year 1164 in Ireland.
## Incumbents
- High King: Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn
## Events
- The abbey in Terryglass was burned down
## Deaths
Mael Sechlainn mac Congalaig, King of Uí Failghe
|
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396,
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297,
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297,
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13,
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13,
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5057,
4088,
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381,
305,
814,
496,
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365,
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433,
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13,
13,
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28488,
13,
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450,
633,
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297,
27571,
29050,
471,
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287,
1623,
13,
13,
13,
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14450,
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13,
29924,
4271,
922,
305,
433,
2559,
5825,
6005,
2883,
335,
29892,
4088,
310,
501,
29983,
29098,
29887,
354,
13,
2
] | 54
| 0
| 1
|
# 1158 in Italy
Events during the year 1158 in Italy.
## Events
- In June 1158, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa set out upon his second Italian expedition. During this expedition:
- The Diet of Roncaglia near Piacenza was first convoked by Frederick Barbarossa.[1]
- The University of Bologna, the oldest continually operating university in the world, was granted its first privileges by the Emperor.[2]
## Deaths
- Geoffrey VI, Count of Anjou (1134–1158)
|
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29994,
29896,
29896,
29945,
29947,
29897,
13,
13,
2
] | 55
| 0
| 1
|
# (9942) 1989 TM1
(9942) 1989 TM1 (provisional designation 1989 TM1) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1989, by Japanese astronomers Nobuhiro Kawasato and Tsutomu Hioki at the Okutama Observatory (877) in Japan. The asteroid has a tentative rotation period of 3.1 hours.
## Orbit and classification
The assumed stony S-type is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,527 days; semi-major axis of 2.6 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.
Its first observation was a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory on 30 September 1989, extending the asteroid's observation arc by just 9 days prior to its official discovery observation.
## Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.
## Physical characteristics
### Diameter and albedo
The asteroid was predicted to cross the focal plane array of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). However, it was missed on each of its seven planned observation and was never detected. According to the "missed predictions file" of the supplemental IRAS minor planet survey (SIMPS), the body was expected to have a diameter of 13.5 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 13.20.
Based on an absolute magnitude of 13.99, and an assumed standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculated a much smaller diameter of 4.7 kilometers, which agrees with a diameter of 4.1 kilometers, found by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission.
### Rotation period
In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It rendered a tentative rotation period of 3.0706±0.0004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 in magnitude (U=1).
|
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] | 56
| 0
| 1
|
# 12th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
The 12th Regiment, Tennessee Infantry was an infantry regiment from Tennessee that served with the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War.
## Service
It was mustered in 1861, consisting mostly of men from Gibson County. Colonel Tyree Harris Bell was its commanding officer. Robert Porter Caldwell was the major for the regiment. The regiment fought in notable battles, including the Battle of Shiloh.
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] | 57
| 0
| 1
|
# 105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
105th Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery formed during World War I. It served on both the Western Front, including the Battles of the Somme, Arras and Passchendaele, and the Italian Front, where it participated in the repulse of the Austrian Summer Offensive of 1918 and the crushing victory at Vittorio Veneto.
## Mobilisation and training
105th Siege Battery was formed at Fort Burgoyne, Dover, on 13 January 1916 under Army Council Instruction 145 of 19 January 1916 with the establishment for a battery of towed 12-inch Mark II Vickers Howitzers. Major C.E. Eady was in command. The battery was sent by rail to Horsham, and then to the artillery ranges at Lydd for training. Among the officers appointed to the battery was the artist and illustrator E. H. Shepard, commissioned as a Second lieutenant.
## Western Front
On 18 April the unit was ordered to change to the establishment for a battery of 8-inch howitzers. The battery proceeded to France on 17 May under the command of Captain P.B. Simon. The men travelled with complete stores but without guns. On arrival they were sent to Le Parcq near Hesdin where they were issued with four French 120 mm long guns, which were hated by the inexperienced gunners trained on howitzers.
The battery was under the command of XVII Corps' Heavy Artillery in Third Army and was assigned to 50th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG). After the officers and gun No 1s had undergone a short course on the unfamiliar 120mm, the battery first went into action on 10 June in front of Mont-Saint-Éloi near Arras, firing on enemy trenches at Vimy, where there had recently been heavy fighting. Captain Simon was invalided home on 29 June and Captain D'Arcy J. Richards, the battery captain, took over command as Acting Major.
### Somme
On 3 July the battery was transferred south to Fourth Army, which had just launched the Battle of the Somme. It joined 29th HAG the following day and spent 6 July digging in at Bronfay Farm, where the HAG's HQ was located. For the next 10 days it was firing on Owzentin, Trônes and Longueval during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge and the Capture of Trônes Wood in support of XIII Corps. On 16 July the battery moved forward to Maricourt Orchard, but had to be withdrawn following heavy casualties from High explosive (HE) and gas shells. Shortly afterwards the signals officer, 2nd Lt M.G. Herbert, and Corporal Dell won the Military Cross (MC) and Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) respectively for their bravery in tackling a fire among live hand grenades at Maricourt Chateau.
On 23 July the battery moved to a fresh position behind 'Copse B' (Aromme Avenue), which had just been captured. Here it remained until September, although it was transferred to the command of 57th HAG on 14 August when XIV Corps took over that section of the front during the fighting for Delville Wood. The battery was relieved on 18 September and was issued with four modern British 6-inch howitzers. It moved up to positions near Guillemont and joined 28th HAG, with which it saw out the fighting on the Somme until November, including bombardments of the German third line at Morval, Lesbœufs and Le Transloy.
The battery moved forward to a position by Leuze Wood on 10 December and came under the direct command of Guards Division around Sailly-Saillisel and St Pierre Vaast Wood. It stayed in this position through the winter. On 19 February 1917 A/Maj Richards won an MC for maintaining communications during a trench raid conducted by the neighbouring French troops.
### Arras
After the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich), 105th Siege Bty was transferred to 73rd HAG in Third Army on 22 March in preparation for the forthcoming Arras Offensive. Right Section moved first, taking up position at Chat Maigre; Left Section joined a fortnight later. Despite the protection of the embankment of the Arras–Bapaume railway, the gun positions were very exposed and gun flashes from German-held Monchy-le-Preux were clearly visible. The battery had been carrying out daily bombardments on the Hindenburg Line in preparation for the attack when on 5 April a lorry delivering ammunition was hit by a German shell and left burning a few yards from No 4 gun. Major Richards called for volunteers and together with Lieutenant R.J.H. Hambly kept the gun firing until the lorry blew up a few minutes later, causing a dump of 200 HE shells to explode. The gun detachment was knocked down and the gun put out of action. Despite being badly shaken, Richards continued to direct the fire of the rest of the battery until the bombardment task was completed. Major Richards was awarded a Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Lt Hambly an MC, Cpls Wady and Evans DCMs, and Sergeants Griffiths and Black Military Medals (MM).
The Battle of Arras was launched on 9 April 1917 and the battery moved forward to Mercatel later that day. On the morning of 23 April, while the fighting near Arras continued, the battery was heavily shelled and Maj Richards and a number of others were seriously wounded. 2nd Lieutenant Shepard found himself in temporary command on the battery position. That evening he went back into the front line at the battery's observation post (OP) under heavy shell and machine gun fire. He was awarded the MC and promoted to A/Captain for that night's work. Captain L.F. Garratt was posted in to command the battery on 5 May. The battery moved to Hénin-sur-Cojeul on 9 May, and subsequently into the captured Hindenburg Support Line at Fontaine-lès-Croisilles.
105th Siege Bty remained with Third Army until the Arras offensive petered out in June, coming under the command of 46th HAG on 13 May, 39th HAG on 28 June and 59th HAG on 29 June. On 9 July it was transferred north to 67th HAG with First Army, arriving on 13 July. The sections were split between Cambrin and Vermelles in the Lens sector.
On 4 September the battery collected two extra howitzers, and on 22 September it was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 440th Siege Bty, bringing its personnel up to the establishment numbers for a six-gun battery. The men were moved to St Pierre-Lens where they were engaged in digging gun-pits at St Pierre-Lens in October for an operation that was cancelled.
### Ypres
The battery moved to the Ypres Salient on 29 October to join 6th HAG with VIII Corps. This was part of Second Army, which had taken over direction of the faltering Third Ypres Offensive and fought a series of successful battles employing massive weight of artillery. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to counter-battery (CB) fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire. 105th Siege Bty came into action near Zillebeke. On 9 November the camouflage netting of No 1 gun caught fire, which was extinguished under enemy fire by Sgt Walton (who was awarded the MM). The following day (the last day of the battle), while carrying out barrage fire, No 2 gun blew up, killing or wounding the whole detachment. Next day after the battery reverted to a four-gun establishment and on 12 November it joined 24th HAG.
## Italian Front
The battery was expecting some home leave after the Ypres Offensive, but following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front, Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army. 24th HAG left with XIV Corps on 17 November 1917, travelling via Paris, Marseille and Genoa, arriving at Verona on 25 November. By 6 December its guns went into action on the Montello Hill, supporting the Italian army, which had been critically short of heavy artillery. The situation was stabilised by the end of the year, but XIV Corps and 24th HAG remained in Italy.
Apart from some CB shoots, there was little activity through the winter months. In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades: 24th Bde consisted of one heavy battery (1/1st Warwickshire Bty) and three other 6-inch howitzer siege batteries (172nd, 229th and 247th) in addition to the 105th.
### Piave
At the end of March 1918, 105th Siege Bty moved to a position south of the Asiago plateau supporting VIII Italian Corps. The gunsites were in wooded mountainous terrain and the guns had to be manhandled into position. They carried out trench bombardment while awaiting the next Austrian offensive (the Second Battle of the Piave River). This finally came on 15 June. Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. The battery was at Monte Torle and was heavily engaged all day. Gunner Stubbs was awarded the MM and Gnr Taylor the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor for keeping communications open during the day. The British heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later) and the Austrian offensive failed all along the front.
### Vittorio Veneto
Preparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British were relieved in the Asiago sector and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. 24th HAG supported a number of British and French raids during September and October, then on 23 October the preliminary attacks began, supported by 24th HAG's howitzers. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank. A bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy.
After the Armistice, 24th HAG was involved in securing prisoners. Shepard was promoted to Major in command of the battery, and given the duty of administering captured enemy guns. Demobilisation of the batteries in Italy began at Christmas 1918 and by March 105th Siege Bty was down to cadre strength. It handed in its guns and proceeded to Le Havre, where was disbanded on 30 March 1919.
## Footnotes
1. ↑ None of the new 12-inch howitzers were ready for service before August 1916.
2. ↑ E.H. Shepard drew one of these 120 mm guns[6] and referred to the men's hatred of them in a letter dated 13 July.[7]
3. ↑ 440th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed on 22 May 1917 at Aldershot. The personnel of one section went out to the Western Front on 23 September 1917 and joined First Army. It was then posted to 105th Siege Bty. The rest of 440th Siege Bty went via France and Italy to Alexandria, where it joined the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.[2][5]
4. ↑ Shepard drew the men digging these positions on 19 October 'for the show that didn't'.[18]
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2
] | 58
| 0
| 1
|
# 10th Tactical Squadron
10th Tactical Squadron (known as 10.ELT - 10 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego in Poland) is a fighter squadron of Polish Air Force established in 2008 in Łask, Poland. The squadron is stationed at 32nd Air Base and since 1 October 2008 operates the F-16 C/D Block 52+ Adv.
In March 2012 the squadron deployed to Israeli Air Force base Ovda for a two-week-long joint exercise with Israel's 115, 117 and 106 squadrons.
|
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2
] | 59
| 0
| 1
|
# 135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete"
The 135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete" (Italian: 135ª Divisione cavalleria corazzata "Ariete", colloquially also known as "135th Armored Division "Ariete II") was an armored division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. It was formed in 1943 and named to commemorate the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete", which had distinguished itself during the Western Desert campaign and was destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the division fought the invading German forces South of Rome. After two days the division was forced to surrender and was disbanded by the Germans on 12 September 1943.
## History
The 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" had been formed in Milan in February 1939 and been sent to Libya in 1941. The division participated in all battles of the Western Desert campaign until it fought to annihilation during the Second Battle of El Alamein. On 21 November 1942 the remnants of the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" were combined with the remnants of the 133rd Armored Division "Littorio" and 101st Motorized Division "Trieste" as Tactical Group "Ariete". The Tactical Group fought a successful rearguard action at El Agheila, but was soon afterwards disbanded. On 8 December 1942 the Ariete division was officially declared lost.
On 1 April 1943 the 135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete" was activated in Ferrara. The division was made up of cavalry regiments and General Raffaele Cadorna, the commander of the army's Cavalry Application School, became the division's first (and only) commander. The division remained in the Emilia region until it moved to Rome in August 1943 in the wake of the fall of the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini on 26 July 1943.
The division was assigned to the Motorized-Armored Army Corps and tasked with defense of the northern approaches to Rome on both sides of Lake Bracciano in the towns of Monterosi and Manziana. On 8 September 1943, when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced, the division's strength was 8,500 men, with 176 working tanks and armored vehicles, about 70 cannons and 92 20mm anti-aircraft guns.
On 9 September 1943 the division successfully blocked the advance of the German 3rd Panzergrenadier Division and elements of the 26th Panzer Division. In Monterosi the German vanguard was blocked by the division's mixed engineer battalion, which was supported by the Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Lucca" and the III Group of the 135th Artillery Regiment with 149/19 Mod. 37 howitzers. After the flight of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III and his government from Rome the division was ordered on 10 September to move to Tivoli and abandon the defense of Rome. Cadorna did as ordered, but dispatched the lancers of the Regiment "Lancieri di Montebello" to the South of Rome to assist the 12th Infantry Division "Sassari" and 21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" in the defense of the city. The lancers under General Dardano Fenulli arrived in time to fight in the Battle of Porta Pia against the German 2. Fallschirmjäger-Division. In the late afternoon the Italian units defending Rome were told that an agreement with the Germans had been reached and ordered to surrender.
The next day, on 11 September 1943, the division's commander General Cadorna went into hiding and joined the resistance in Rome, the Clandestine Military Front of Colonel Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo. On 12 September 1943 the 135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete" was officially dissolved.
## Organization
During its existence the division continuously underwent changes to its organization. As the army's premier armored unit the division received the newest tanks and self-propelled guns as they came of the production lines and in turn ceded older equipment to other units. The list below is the best sourced table of organization and equipment of the division on 8 September 1943 available:
- 135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete"[1]
- Armored Reconnaissance Grouping "Lancieri di Montebello"[2]
- Command Squadron (included 4× 20/65 anti-aircraft guns)
- I group
- Command Squadron (4× AB41 armored cars)
- 1st Squadron (17× AB41 armored cars)
- 2nd Squadron (17× AB41 armored cars)
- 3rd Motorcyclists Squadron
- II group
- Command Squadron (4× Semovente 47/32 L40 self-propelled guns)
- 4th Motorcyclists Squadron
- 5th Squadron (12× Semovente 75/18 M42 self-propelled guns)
- 6th Squadron (12× Semovente 47/32 L40 self-propelled guns)
- III group
- Command Squadron (4× M15/42 tanks)
- 7th Squadron (17× M15/42 tanks)
- 8th Squadron (16× L6/40 tanks)
- 9th Anti-aircraft Squadron (12× 20/65 Mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
- Armored Regiment "Vittorio Emanuele II"[3]
- Command Squadron (included 4× 20/65 anti-aircraft guns)
- Anti-aircraft Squadron (12× 20/65 Mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
- Recovery and Repairs Squadron
- 66th Heavy Mobile Workshop
- 3× Tank groups
- each group with 3× squadrons (10× Semovente 75/18 M42 and 7× M15/42 tanks tanks per squadron)
- Motorized Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Lucca"[4]
- Command Squadron (included 4× 20/65 anti-aircraft guns)
- Motorcyclists Squadron (included 4× AB41 armored cars)
- Self-propelled Squadron (12× 75/18 self-propelled guns)
- Transport Unit
- 3× Dismounted groups
- 2× truck-transported squadrons
- Support Weapons and Anti-aircraft Squadron (4× 75/18 self-propelled guns and 4× 20/65 anti-aircraft guns)
- Mortar Squadron (9× 81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
- 135th Armored Artillery Regiment "Ariete" (formed on 1 April 1943 by the depot of the 3rd Artillery Regiment "Pistoia" in Bologna)[5]
- Command Unit
- I Group (12× 100/22 mod. 14/19 howitzers)
- II Group (12× 100/22 mod. 14/19 howitzers)
- CLIX Group (12× 149/19 mod. 37 howitzers; formed by the 11th Army Corps Artillery Regiment)
- DXXI Anti-aircraft Group (12× 90/53 anti-aircraft guns; formed by the 4th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment)
- 235th Self-propelled Anti-tank Artillery Regiment "Ariete"[6][7]
- Command Unit
- XX Anti-tank Artillery Group (12× 75/32 mod. 37 anti-tank guns)
- XXI Anti-tank Group (12× 75/32 mod. 37 anti-tank guns)
- DCI Self-propelled Group (12× Semovente 105/25 M43 self-propelled guns)
- DCII Self-propelled Group (12× Semovente 105/25 M43 self-propelled guns)
- CXXXV Self-propelled Anti-tank Battalion (12× Semovente 75/34 M42 self-propelled guns)
- CXXXV Mixed Engineer Battalion
- X Recruits Training Group
- 135th Medical Section
- 135th Supply Section
- 134th Transport Section
- 169th Carabinieri Section
- 160th Field Post Office
## Commanding officers
The division's commanding officers were:
- Generale di Brigata Raffaele Cadorna (1 April 1943 - 12 September 1943)
|
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2
] | 60
| 0
| 1
|
# "Leptura" longipennis
"Leptura" longipennis is an extinct species of longhorn beetle that lived in the Oligocene of Germany. It was first described by Georg Statz in 1938, from a fossil of two elytra and a leg found in the Rott Formation. It was originally described as a species of the genus Leptura, but later research has determined it does not belong to that genus, and that it has an uncertain placement in the Lepturinae subfamily.
|
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29889,
13,
2
] | 61
| 0
| 1
|
# 1114 Lorraine
1114 Lorraine, provisional designation 1928 WA, is a very dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Alexandre Schaumasse at Nice Observatory in 1928, and named for the French region of Lorraine.
## Discovery
Lorraine was discovered on 17 November 1928, by French astronomer Alexandre Schaumasse at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin, Italy. The Minor Planet Center recognizes only the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A906 UE at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1906.
## Orbit and classification
Lorraine is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population (Nesvorny). Conversely, the asteroid is also considered a core member of the Eos family (Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani). It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,989 days; semi-major axis of 3.10 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Nice Observatory in November 1928, one night after its official discovery observation.
## Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Lorraine is an Xc-subtype, transiting from the X-type to the C-type asteroids.
### Rotation period
In January 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Lorraine was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 32 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lorraine measures between 62.20 and 80.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0501.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0457 and a diameter of 62.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after the region of Lorraine, the former Duchy of Lorraine in north-eastern France, and a remnant of the medieval kingdom of Lotharingia (AN 238;149).
|
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29906,
29941,
29947,
29936,
29896,
29946,
29929,
467,
13,
2
] | 62
| 0
| 1
|
# 1420 Caldera earthquake
The 1420 Caldera earthquake was a pre-Columbian earthquake that shook the southern portion of Atacama Desert in the early morning of 31 August 1420 and caused tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and the towns of Japan. The earthquake is thought to have had a size of 8.8–9.4 Mw. Historical records of the tsunami exist for the Japanese harbours of Kawarago and Aiga where confused residents saw the water recede in the morning of 1 September, without any sign of an earthquake. In Chile, rockfalls occurred along the coast as well, producing blocks of up to 40 tons that are now found inland. This is also consistent with the identification of a possible tsunami deposit in Mejillones Bay that has been dated to the range 1409 to 1449. Deposits found by coring of recent sediments in a wetland near Tongoy Bay have also been linked to the 1420 tsunami.
|
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319,
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337,
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408,
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10930,
310,
701,
304,
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338,
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310,
263,
1950,
260,
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1063,
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304,
278,
3464,
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29900,
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304,
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29946,
29946,
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897,
1066,
1169,
1476,
491,
1034,
292,
310,
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7048,
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297,
263,
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1049,
2978,
323,
7443,
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6211,
505,
884,
1063,
9024,
304,
278,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29906,
29900,
260,
11445,
4479,
29889,
13,
2
] | 63
| 0
| 1
|
# (Ha Ha) Slow Down
"(Ha Ha) Slow Down" is the first single from Fat Joe's tenth studio album The Darkside Vol. 1. The song features rapper Young Jeezy. It also contains a short sample of Soul II Soul's "Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)" (a capella version) throughout the entire beat.
## Remixes
Several rappers have recorded freestyles over the song's instrumental, including The Lox, Talib Kweli, Shyne, Jae Millz, Game, Rick Ross, Nipsey Hussle, Capone-N-Noreaga, Raekwon, Uncle Murda, Jim Jones, Rayne Storm and French Montana. More elements of "Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)" are sampled on Maino's version.
## Music video
The music video was produced by Parris and features a cameo by Diddy, Trina, Waah (Ruff Ryders Entertainment CEO) & Al Harrington (professional NBA player from the Denver Nuggets).
## Charts
| Chart (2010) | Peak position |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------- |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 54 |
| US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard) | 23 |
|
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322,
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3161,
310,
376,
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304,
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313,
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1938,
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399,
424,
2191,
5513,
526,
4559,
29881,
373,
4241,
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29915,
29879,
1873,
29889,
13,
13,
2277,
6125,
4863,
13,
1576,
4696,
4863,
471,
7371,
491,
1459,
3780,
322,
5680,
263,
2996,
29877,
491,
360,
2205,
29891,
29892,
1605,
1099,
29892,
22552,
801,
313,
29934,
3096,
390,
2941,
414,
18189,
14645,
29949,
29897,
669,
838,
12303,
4885,
313,
23221,
15750,
21517,
4847,
515,
278,
3384,
369,
405,
688,
20078,
467,
13,
13,
2277,
678,
5708,
13,
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14477,
313,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
29897,
462,
308,
891,
3938,
557,
2602,
891,
13,
29989,
448,
2683,
2683,
5634,
891,
448,
9072,
891,
13,
29989,
3148,
8843,
390,
29987,
29933,
29914,
29950,
666,
29899,
29950,
459,
22828,
313,
29933,
453,
3377,
29897,
891,
29871,
29945,
29946,
9651,
891,
13,
29989,
3148,
8843,
16866,
22828,
313,
29933,
453,
3377,
29897,
308,
891,
29871,
29906,
29941,
9651,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 64
| 0
| 1
|
# 1420s in Denmark
Events from the 1420s in Denmark.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Eric of Pomerania[1]
## Events
1422
- Erik of Pommeria issues Den store Købstadsforordning which determines that all market towns are to be governed by two mayors.[2]
- 15 February and 28 October – Eric of Pomerania grants the town of Copenhagen market rights.[3]
1422
- Sound Dues are introduced at Helsingør.
1426
- 2 June – Helsingør is granted new and extended market rights.
- Undated – The Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) breaks out.
1427
- 21 July – A fleet from the Hanseatic League has been sent out to attack Copenhagen as a reaction to the Sound Dues but is defeated by a Danish fleet in the Øresund.[4]
1428
- 16 April – 15 June – Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428): A fleet from the Hanseatic League attacks Copenhagen several times, using canons for the first time in the Nordic countries, but ultimately has to withdraw.[5]
1429
- Copenhagen's Goldsmiths' Guild is mentioned for the first time. The town is home to six goldsmiths.[6]
|
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13,
2
] | 65
| 0
| 1
|
# 1114 in Ireland
Events from the year 1114 in Ireland.
## Incumbents
- High King of Ireland: Domnall Ua Lochlainn
## Events
- First entry from Mac Carthaigh's Book
- Diarmait Ua Briain becomes King of Munster
## Deaths
- Maelcoluim Ua Cormacain, Abbot of Aran
|
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475,
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13,
13,
2
] | 66
| 0
| 1
|
# 1113 Katja
1113 Katja, provisional designation 1928 QC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory in 1928, and named after Ekaterina Iosko, a staff member at the discovering observatory.
## Discovery
Katja was discovered on 15 August 1928, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Nine nights later, it was independently discovered by Max Wolf at the German Heidelberg Observatory on 24 August 1928. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A909 DH at Heidelberg in February 1909.
## Orbit and classification
Katja is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,004 days; semi-major axis of 3.11 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 10 days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.
## Physical characteristics
Although Katja is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, it is rather of stony composition due to its high albedo.
### Rotation period
Between 2002 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Katja were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Maurice Audejean, René Roy and Laurent Brunetto (U=2/2/2-). Best rated lightcurve, however, was obtained at the Sunflower (739), Blackberry (929) and Universidad de Monterrey (720) observatories in January 2002. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined synodic rotation period of 18.465 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=3).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Katja measures between 38.20 and 51.949 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1144 and 0.211.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2253 and a diameter of 38.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.3.
## Naming
This minor planet was named for Ekaterina ("Katja") Iosko, a laboratory assistant and orbit calculator at the discovering Simeiz Observatory (AN 238, 149). She was the daughter of Iosif Gavrilovich Iosko, who also worked as a mechanician at the observatory.
|
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2
] | 67
| 0
| 1
|
# 1933–34 Gauliga Bayern
The 1933–34 Gauliga Bayern was the inaugural season of the league, one of the 16 Gauligas in Germany at the time. It was the first tier of the football league system in Bavaria (German:Bayern) from 1933 to 1945. The Gauliga Bayern had replaced the Bezirksliga Bayern which had been played in two divisions, north and south, as the top tier of football in Bavaria at the end of the 1932–33 seasons.
The Gauligas in Germany replaced the seven regional championships and a large number of local leagues that existed in Germany until then and were established after the rise of the Nazis to power in 1933.
The league champions 1. FC Nürnberg qualified for the 1934 German football championship, where it finished first in its group with Dresdner SC, Borussia Fulda and Wacker Halle and qualified for the semi-finals. After defeating Viktoria 89 Berlin 2–1 Nürnberg advanced to the final where it lost 2–1 to FC Schalke 04. For 1. FC Nürnberg it was the seventh time the club reached the final and the first time it lost, having won five national championships from 1920 to 1927 and also participated in the inconclusive 1922 final. For Nürnberg it was the first of seven Gauliga championships the club would win in the era from 1933 to 1944.
After attempts to establish professionalism in German football in 1932 the rise of the Nazis to power put a sudden end to this, forcing all football leagues in Germany, including the Gauligas, to remain strictly amateur. The new political situation in Germany at the time of the introduction of the Gauligas, the Nazis having come to power, also meant that Jewish players and officials were no longer permitted to take part in German sport clubs. For Gauliga clubs like FC Bayern Munich, taunted as Judenklub, this meant it lost important figures that had built the club up to win its first German championship in 1932. After president Kurt Landauer and coach Richard Dombi had to leave the club because of their Jewish background, the club declined.
## Table
The 1933–34 season was the inaugural season of the league with all clubs coming from the two regional divisions of the Bezirksliga Bayern.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion, qualification or relegation |
| --- | -------------------- | --- | -- | - | -- | -- | -- | --- | --- | -------------------------------------- |
| 1 | 1. FC Nürnberg (C) | 22 | 15 | 4 | 3 | 61 | 26 | +35 | 34 | Qualification to German championship |
| 2 | TSV 1860 München | 22 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 48 | 15 | +33 | 33 | |
| 3 | FC Bayern Munich | 22 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 53 | 35 | +18 | 27 | |
| 4 | 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | 22 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 38 | 37 | +1 | 26 | |
| 5 | Schwaben Augsburg | 22 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 45 | 38 | +7 | 25 | |
| 6 | SpVgg Fürth | 22 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 41 | 32 | +9 | 22 | |
| 7 | ASV Nürnberg | 22 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 20 | |
| 8 | SSV Jahn Regensburg | 22 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 36 | 43 | −7 | 19 | |
| 9 | FC Wacker München | 22 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 36 | 50 | −14 | 18 | |
| 10 | 1. FC Bayreuth (R) | 22 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 31 | 52 | −21 | 17 | Relegation |
| 11 | FV Würzburg 04 (R) | 22 | 4 | 5 | 13 | 27 | 55 | −28 | 13 | Relegation |
| 12 | 1. FC München (R) | 22 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 26 | 59 | −33 | 10 | Relegation |
1. ↑ TV München 1860 and SV 1860 München merged on 13 March 1934 to form TSV 1860 München
2. ↑ Sportbund Jahn Regensburg merged on 24 May 1934 with Schwimmverein Regensburg and SV 1889 Regensburg to form SSV Jahn Regensburg
3. ↑ 1. FC München was formed in a merger of DSV München and Teutonia München after the 1932–33 season
### Sources
- kicker-Almanach 1990 [Yearbook of German football] (in German). Kicker (sports magazine). 1990. ISBN 3-7679-0297-4.
- Die deutschen Gauligen 1933–45 [Tables of the Gauligas 1933–45] (in German). DSFS.
- 100 Jahre Süddeutscher Fußball-Verband [100 Years of the Southern German Football Association] (in German). Munich: Southern German Football Association. 1997.
- Fußball-Jahrbuch Deutschland 1930/31 – 1932/33 [Tables of the top-level league's in Germany 1930–33] (in German). DSFS.
|
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] | 68
| 0
| 1
|
# 15th Scripps National Spelling Bee
The 15th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C., on May 29, 1939. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until two years later.
The winner was 12-year-old Elizabeth Ann Rice of Auburn, Massachusetts and sponsored by the Worcester Telegram & Gazette, correctly spelling the word canonical. Humphrey Cook, age 13 of Virginia, took second after misspelling homogeneity. 14-year-old Mildred Kariher of Ohio took third after missing farcial [sic].
There were 21 contestants this year, all in the fifth through eight grades, with the westernmost entrant from Colorado.
A banquet was held the night before the Bee at the Ambassador Hotel. The winner of the first bee in 1925, Frank Neuhauser, now a law student, was in attendance.
The first place prize was $500, second was $300, and third was $100. Fourth through 16th place received $50, and 17th through 21st received $40. Winner Rice (married name Riza) later worked as an office manager and business manager until retiring in 1996. She took up running in her 50s and ran the Boston Marathon three times. She died in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 18, 2012.
|
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13,
2
] | 69
| 0
| 1
|
# 120s BC
This article concerns the period 129 BC – 120 BC.
## Events
### 129BC
#### By place
###### The Roman Republic
- The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Aristonicus, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.
- C. Sempronius Tuditanus celebrates his triumph over the Iapydes of Illyria.
- Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage is possibly assassinated by his enemies in Rome.
###### Syria
- Battle of Ecbatana: the Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.
- Having been freed by the Parthians, Demetrius II of Syria recovers the throne of the Seleucid Empire.
###### China
- March: Chen Jiao is deposed as Empress after she asks a sorceress to curse Emperor Wu's favourite consort, Wei Zifu, this being regarded an act of heresy and treason. Wei Zifu is made the new Empress.[1]
- Spring: the Xiongnu raid Shanggu, killing officials and other inhabitants.[2]
- Autumn: Emperor Wu launches his first offensive into the northern steppe against the Xiongnu and their allies. The invasion consists of four armies, each of 10,000 cavalrymen. Two of the four armies are defeated, namely those of Li Guang and Gongsun Ao, and only the army of Wei Qing achieves a victory. Although a modest success, Wei Qing's victory is the first Han success against the Xiongnu. Moreover, it is won at Longcheng, a sacred site far to the north, beyond the Gobi Desert, where the Xiongnu offer sacrifices.[3]
- Winter: the Xiongnu retaliate by crossing the border several times, especially ravaging Yuyang.[4]
- The Han diplomat Zhang Qian escapes Xiongnu custody and resumes his mission of forming an anti-Xiongnu alliance with the Yuezhi. He reaches the State of Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley, whose trade with the Han had been prevented by the Xiongnu and who supply Zhang with guides. Zhang then travels to the states of Kangju, Greater Yuezhi and Daxia (Bactria). He also learns of the Parthian Empire, Daqin, the Caspian Sea and the source of the Yellow River.[5]
#### By topic
###### Astronomy
- Hipparchus publishes his catalog of stars.
- Total solar eclipse, used by Hipparchus to estimate distance to the Moon.
### 128BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Cn. Octavius and T. Annius Rufus are this year's consuls
###### Bactria
- The Greco-Bactrian kingdom is overrun by the Tokhari.
###### Parthia
- Artabanus II becomes king of Parthia (approximate date)
###### China
- In response to Han incursions, in 128 or 127 the Xiongnu invade northern China. They kill the governor of Liaoxi, defeat the governor of Yuyang, capture 2000 of the inhabitants of Liaoxi and Yuyang and defeat the Han general Han Anguo. Han Anguo and his cavalry force are surrounded in their camp but the arrival of relief forces coming from Yan causes the Xiongnu army to withdraw. The Xiongnu also invade Yanmen and kill or capture 1000 people.[6][7]
- The Han general Wei Qing, with an army of 30,000 cavalrymen, defeats a Xiongnu army north of Yanmen. The Han general Li Xi attacks the Xiongnu further to the east, riding out of Dai Prefecture.[8]
- Having spent a year in Greater Yuezhi, the Han diplomat Zhang Qian begins his return journey to China, having failed to persuade Yuezhi's king to form an alliance against the Xiongnu. Passing by the Pamir, Kunlun, Altun and Qilian Mountains, he and his retinue are then captured by the Xiongnu and taken into custody.[9]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- Limenius composes the Second Delphic Hymn.
### 127BC
#### By place
###### Parthia
- The Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.
###### China
- January: Emperor Wu of Han begins a policy of pressuring the client kings of the Han dynasty into dividing their kingdoms. Previously, only the eldest son would inherit a kingdom. However, in an edict, Wu permits the kings of Liang and Chengyang to divide the land of their states and distribute the land to their younger brothers. Wu grants these brothers titles and promises to do the same if other kings grant land to younger brothers and younger sons. This precedent pressures other kings to do likewise, and Wu places the younger brothers and younger sons under the jurisdiction of the imperial prefectures.[10]
- Wei Qing defeats a Xiongnu army near Gaoque. He then invades the Ordos Plateau, defeats the Xiongnu and their Baiyang and Loufan allies in the battles of Puni and Fuli, and then defeats the main Xiongnu force. The conquered territory becomes Shuofang Commandery. Wu orders the foundation of Shuofang City, and the system of defenses that had been built by the Qin dynasty general Meng Tian are repaired.[11]
- The Han rationalize the northern frontier, abandoning the remote region of Zaoyang to the Xiongnu.[12]
### 126BC
#### By place
###### Syria
- Tyre successfully revolts from the Seleucid Empire.
- Seleucus V Philometor succeeds his father Demetrius II as king of the Seleucid Empire. Due to his youth, his stepmother Cleopatra Thea acts as regent.
###### Xiongnu
- Winter 127/6: The Xiongnu ruler Junchen Chanyu dies, and his younger brother Yizhixie, the Luli King of the Left (East), overthrows Junchen's son Yudan and sets himself up as the new Chanyu. Yudan flees to the Han and dies a few months later.[13]
###### China
- Summer: In retaliation for the Han conquest of the Ordos Plateau in the previous year, the Xiongnu invade the province of Dai, kill its governor, Gong You, and capture over 1000 of its inhabitants.
- Autumn: The Xiongnu cross into Yanmen and kill or capture over 1000 of the inhabitants.[14][15]
- Having used the Xiongnu civil war to escape his imprisonment, the diplomat Zhang Qian returns to China and reports on the lands to the west.[16]
- To avoid the Xiongnu and Qiang of the north-west and west respectively, Emperor Wu begins a policy of exploring a possible route of contact with Daxia (Bactria) via India, sending envoys to establish diplomatic relations with and movement through the Dian Kingdom. Wu wishes to receive the submission of Daxia and other states in western Eurasia.[17]
### 125BC
#### By place
###### Syria
- Cleopatra Thea succeeds to the rule of the Seleucid Empire on the death of Seleucus V.[18] She appoints Antiochus VIII Grypus as co-ruler.
###### Roman Republic
- In Rome, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to the northern Italians, but the Senate reacts by sending him off to deal with disturbances around Massilia. And in so doing, commences the conquest of Transalpine Gaul.
- Completion of Aqua Tepula aqueduct in Rome.[19]
###### China
- In retaliation for the Han conquest of the Ordos Plateau two years prior, three Xiongnu forces raid the Prefectures of Dai, Dingxiang and Shang.
- The Xiongnu Tuqi (Worthy Prince) of the Right (West), especially angry at the loss of the Ordos Plateau, invades the region and kills or carries off a large number of officials and other inhabitants.[20]
### 124BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Fregellae's revolt against Rome begins in Latium. Later the city is captured and destroyed by the Romans.
###### Parthia
- Mithridates II succeeds Artabanus II as King of Parthia.
###### Egypt
- Cleopatra II of Egypt and her brother Ptolemy VIII of Egypt reconcile.
###### China
- Spring: The Han general Wei Qing, with an army of 30,000 cavalry, proceeds from Gaoque into Xiongnu territory, and in a night attack surrounds the Tuqi King of the Right in his camp. The Tuqi escapes, but numerous petty chiefs are captured in this and a second engagement.
- Li Xi and Zhang Cigong invade Xiongnu territory from Youbeiping Prefecture but encounter no enemy forces.
- Emperor Wu of Han rewards Wei Qing by making him General-in-Chief.[21]
- Autumn: The Xiongnu retaliate by invading the Prefecture of Dai, where they kill its chief commandant, Zhu Ying.[22]
### 123BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Gaius Gracchus elected Roman tribune for the first time. He waits until after his re-election the following year before pushing forward the various civil and agrarian reforms that his brother championed in 133 BC.
- Aix-en-Provence founded under the name of Aquae Sextiae by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus.
- Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers the Balearic Islands for Rome, for which he earns the agnomen "Balearicus." He settles 3,000 Roman and Iberian colonists on the islands and founds the cities of Palma and Pollentia.
###### China
- Spring: The Han General-in-Chief Wei Qing launches two invasions of Xiongnu territory from Dingxiang, defeating two Xiongnu armies and killing or capturing several thousand of the enemy.
- During the second expedition, the force under Su Jian and Zhao Xin is surrounded and almost entirely destroyed by the army of Yizhixie Chanyu. Zhao Xin defects to the Chanyu.
- For these two campaigns, Emperor Wu of Han orders Wei Qing to make his eighteen-year-old nephew Huo Qubing the commander of a force of 800 cavalry. Raiding deep into enemy territory, Huo's force kills or captures a Xiongnu Prime Minister and a Household Administrator, kills the Marquis of Jiruo (an elder relative of Yizhixie Chanyu), and captures the Chanyu's uncle Luogubi.
- A conspiracy led by Liu An, king of Huainan, is discovered. Liu An commits suicide, and his queen and crown prince are executed. Huainan becomes Jiujiang Prefecture.[25]
### 122BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Gaius Gracchus become tribunes and propose a number of radical reforms in Rome.
- Gracchus passes a law requiring the state to provide weapons and equipment for the soldiers in the Roman army.
###### China
- Emperor Wu of Han appoints Liu Ju, his son by Empress Wei Zifu, as Crown Prince.[26]
### 121BC
#### By place
###### Carians
- Kingdom of the Carians colonize eastern part of the ancient region the Yemen,and created the cities of Mylasa and Cnidus.
###### Phrygians
- Kingdom of the Phrygians after founding the city of Mydas in the current Cartagena in Colombia,enter deeper into the current region of Villavicenzo,in the state of Meta and created the city of Acmonia.
###### Roman Republic
- The Roman Senate passes the motion senatus consultum ultimum, which the consul Lucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve the Republic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confront Gaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought inside Rome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers.
- A tribunal is established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus.
- Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus, allied with the Aedui, defeats the Arverni and Allobroges in Transalpine Gaul, thus establishing the province for Rome.
- The finest vintage of Falernian wine, known as the Opimian vintage, is bottled from vines grown on Mt Falernus between Latium and Campania.
###### China
- Spring - The Han general Huo Qubing attacks the Supu, vassals of the Xiongnu, and kills their king. He then invades the Hexi Corridor, where he fights a six-day running battle against a son of Yizhixie Chanyu. The Xiongnu are defeated, and the ruler of Lan and king Lu, both vassals of the Xiongnu, are killed in the fighting. Huo Qubing then attacks and defeats the Hunye, capturing the son of the Hunye king and his ministers and chief commandants.
- Summer - Huo Qubing again invades the Hexi Corridor. In an engagement in the Qilian Mountains, he captures the king of the Qiutu. In a second engagement, he then captures five vassal kings of the Xiongnu and a consort of the Chanyu, killing or capturing more than 30,000 Xiongnu soldiers.
- Generals Li Guang and Zhang Qian ride north from Youbeiping, but Zhang Qian, with the larger army, is slow to rendezvous with Li Guang. As a result, Li Guang loses more than half his army in battle against the Tuqi (Worthy Prince) of the Left (East).
- Autumn - Yizhixie Chanyu plans on executing the Hunye and Xiutu kings for their failures against Huo Qubing, but learning of this, the vassal kings inform the Han of their intention to surrender. Emperor Wu of Han sends Huo Qubing across the Yellow River with an army to oversee their surrender. Some of the enemy troops and leaders then refuse to surrender, but Huo Qubing massacres 8000 of them as they attempt to flee. Huo Qubing receives the surrender of thirty-two Xiongnu vassals, and the Hunye king and other vassals are enfeoffed as marquises in China.
- The rapid conquest of the Hexi Corridor provides the traditional western provinces of China with greater security. As a result, Emperor Wu halves the number of soldiers garrisoning the provinces of Longxi, Beidi and Shang.[27][28]
### 120BC
#### By place
###### Europe
- The Teutons and the Cimbri migrate south and west to the Danube valley where they encounter the expanding Roman Republic (approximate date).
###### China
- Retaliating against the Han conquest of the Hexi Corridor in the previous year, the Xiongnu invade the provinces of Youbeiping and Dingxiang, killing or capturing over 1000 inhabitants.[29]
## Births
128 BC
- Liu Ju, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty (d. 91 BC)
125 BC
- Quintus Sertorius, Roman statesman and general (d. 73 BC)
121 BC
|
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2
] | 70
| 0
| 2
|
ius Sulpicius Rufus, Roman statesman (d. 88 BC)
- Quintus Sertorius, Roman general (d. 72 BC)
120 BC
- May 21 – Aurelia Cotta, mother of Julius Caesar (d. 54 BC)
- Berenice III, reigning Queen of Egypt (d. 80 BC)
- Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, writer and politician (d. 67 BC)
- Verres, corrupt praetor (approximate date) (d. 43 BC)
## Deaths
129 BC
- Antiochus VII Sidetes (killed in battle)
- Carneades, philosopher, and founder of Third Academy (b. c. 214 BC)
- P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (Africanus the Younger) (b. 185 BC)
128 BC
- Liu Fei, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty (b. 169 BC)
- Phraates II, king of Parthia (approximate date)
127 BC
- Nicomedes II (Epiphanes), king of Bithynia
- Zhufu Yan, Chinese politician and official of the Han dynasty (or 126 BC)
126 BC
- Phraates II, king of the Parthian Empire
- Wang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. 173 BC)
125 BC
- Demetrius II, king of the Seleucid Empire
- Seleucus V Philometor (killed by Cleopatra Thea)
124 BC
- Artabanus II of Parthia
123 BC
- Alexander II Zabinas, king of the Seleucid Empire
122 BC
- Liu An, Chinese prince, geographer, and cartographer (b. 179 BC)
121 BC
- Cleopatra Thea, Seleucid queen
- Gaius Gracchus, Roman politician (b. 154 BC)
- Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, Roman consul
120 BC
- Hipparchus, Greek astronomer and mathematician, on Rhodes (approximate date) (b. c. 190 BC)
|
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375,
402,
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26806,
29892,
5917,
14099,
313,
29890,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29946,
17403,
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13,
29899,
27390,
23004,
1403,
375,
383,
433,
617,
375,
29892,
5917,
1136,
352,
13,
13,
29896,
29906,
29900,
30081,
5371,
13,
29899,
6324,
407,
1279,
375,
29892,
12311,
20932,
261,
322,
5844,
19217,
713,
29892,
373,
7861,
2631,
313,
9961,
2657,
403,
2635,
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313,
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274,
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29896,
29929,
29900,
17403,
29897,
13,
13,
2
] | 70
| 1
| 2
|
# 1166 Sakuntala
1166 Sakuntala, provisional designation 1930 MA, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Praskovjya Parchomenko at Simeiz Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was named after the figure of Shakuntala from an ancient Indian drama.
## Discovery
Sakuntala was discovered by Soviet astronomer Praskovjya Parchomenko at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 27 June 1930. Two night later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in May 1938, or 8 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.
## Orbit and classification
The asteroid is a background asteroid, that is not a member of any known asteroid family. Sakuntala orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.1 AU once every 4.04 years (1,474 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic.
## Physical characteristics
Sakuntala has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid.
### Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Sakuntala were obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.29 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3).
Other measurements gave a similar period of 6.2915 and 6.30 hours, respectively (U=3-/2), while lightcurves with a period of larger than 20 hours are considered to be wrong (U=1/1/1).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sakuntala measures between 22.70 and 29.249 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.185 and 0.6460.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2914 and a diameter of 25.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after the protagonist Shakuntala in the Sanskrit drama The Recognition of Shakuntala by Indian poet Kālidāsa. The drama is part of the Mahabharata, one of the major Sanskrit epics of ancient India.
The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).
|
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450,
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310,
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370,
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310,
278,
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317,
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768,
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1199,
310,
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13,
1576,
6221,
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274,
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471,
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297,
450,
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310,
278,
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8402,
1691,
491,
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2439,
657,
297,
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29929,
29945,
29945,
313,
29950,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29947,
467,
13,
2
] | 71
| 0
| 1
|
# 1935–36 Rugby Union County Championship
The 1935–36 Rugby Union County Championship was the 43rd edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.
Hampshire won the competition for the second time after defeating Northumberland in the final.
## Final
| 14 March 1936 |
| Northumberland | 6–13 | Hampshire |
| Try: Errington, Paulin | | Try: Rawlence, Hordern Con: Owen (2) Pen: Owen |
| Gosforth Referee: R B Hunt |
| | E R Blench | Tynedale |
| | G H Bailey | Old Novocastrians |
| | C R Wood | Gosforth |
| | T B Bland | Tynedale |
| | J C Oldroyd | Northern |
| | B Liddle | Tynedale |
| | A Brogden | Tynedale |
| | A C Barker | Old Novocastrians |
| | J C Suddes | Tynedale |
| | E Paulin | Old Novocastrians |
| | K W D Hodgson | Tynedale |
| | R Robinson | Northern |
| | John Hodgson | Northern |
| | G S Walter | Blackheath |
| | C Errington | Gosforth |
| | S J Howard-Jones | Aldershot Services |
| | T G V Stevenson | Aldershot Services |
| | Tuppy Owen-Smith | St Mary's Hospital |
| | W T Anderson | Harlequins |
| | John Rawlence | Cambridge University |
| | K P P Goldschmidt | Trojans |
| | R E Lander | Trojans |
| | V J Pike | Blackheath |
| | C R Owen | Army |
| | N J Newton | Bournemouth |
| | A Boast | Salisbury |
| | J P Evans | Aldershot Services |
| | Dudley Kemp | Trojans |
| | Peter Hordern | Gloucester |
| | R J L Hammond | United Services |
|
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360,
566,
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476,
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539,
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550,
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891,
13,
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891,
5310,
379,
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824,
268,
891,
8467,
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965,
891,
13,
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390,
435,
365,
26356,
898,
268,
891,
3303,
15538,
418,
891,
13,
13,
2
] | 72
| 0
| 1
|
# 1936 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1936 in Iceland.
## Incumbents
- Monarch - Kristján X
- Prime Minister – Hermann Jónasson
## Events
On May 11, 1936, the Icelandic sports club Knattspyrnufélagið Víðir was established.
On June 1st, 1936, the Icelandic sports club the UMF Selfoss was established.
On October 31st, 1936, the Icelandic daily newspaper Þjóðviljinn was founded. It ended in January 1999 because of financial troubles.
## Births
- 7 May – Jón Kristinsson, architect
- 16 June – Árni Njálsson, footballer
- 19 July – Birgir Ísleifur Gunnarsson, politician.[1] (d. 2019)
- 16 November – Ólafur Gíslason, footballer
- 26 December – Bjarni Felixson, footballer
### Full date missing
- Helgi Valdimarsson, immunologist
|
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] | 73
| 0
| 1
|
# 12 Lotus
12 Lotus (Chinese: 十二莲花) is a 2008 Singaporean musical drama film written and directed by Royston Tan, starring Qi Yuwu, Liu Lingling and Mindee Ong. The film was released in theatres on 14 August 2008 and was screened at the 13th Busan International Film Festival in October 2008. The film performed poorly at the local box office, grossing S$983,000 against a budget of S$$1.5 million.
## Plot
Spanning over the 1980s, 1990s till the present day, 12 Lotus tells the story of a singer who is constantly used and abused by the men in her life, against the backdrop of a string of melancholic Hokkien songs.
## Cast
### Main and supporting
- Qi Yuwu as Ah Long / Long 2
- Liu Lingling as Older Liu Lianhua
- Mindee Ong as Liu Lianhua
- Huang Yiliang as Lianhua's father
- Hao Hao as Adult Xiao Feixia
- Li Bao En as Liu Lianhua (kid)
- Damus Lim as Xiao Feixia (kid)
- Aaron Tan as Young gambler / Ah Long's accomplice
- Yeo Yann Yann as Long 2's girlfriend
- Guo Min as Xiao Feixia's mother
- Auntie Fen as Opera actress
- Sam Loo as Getai host
- Amy Yang as Getai host
- Baobei Sisters as themselves
- Samantha Tan as Xiao Feixia's girlfriend
- Wang Yan Bin as Brother Tiger
The film also features the Sin Sai Feng opera troupe and the band Funkie Monkies Amps.
### Special appearances
- Stefanie Sun as Guan Yin Goddess (opera)
- David Gan as himself
## Production
The film was shot in 23 days.
## Awards and nominations
| Year | Awards | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref. |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ | ----------- | --------- | ----- |
| 2008 | 45th Golden Horse Awards | Best Original Film Score | Ricky Ho | Nominated | [ 6 ] |
| 2009 | 22nd Singapore International Film Festival Awards | Best Director | Royston Tan | Won | [ 7 ] |
|
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] | 74
| 0
| 1
|
# 1159 papal election
The papal election held from 4 to 7 September 1159 following the death of Pope Adrian IV resulted in the election of two rival popes. A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III, but a minority refused to recognize him and elected their own candidate, Ottaviano de Monticelli, who took the name Victor IV, creating a schism that lasted until 1178.
The schism was a result of the growing tensions inside the Sacred College of Cardinals concerning the foreign policy of the Holy See. The Papal States in the 12th century were a buffer between the Holy Roman Empire and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After the Concordat of Worms in 1122, the Papacy allied with the Empire rather than with the Normans, but during the pontificate of Adrian IV (1154–59) this alliance broke up because Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa did not fulfil the terms of the treaty of Constance (1153) that obliged him to help the Papacy to restore its authority in Rome and in other territories controlled by the king of Sicily. In these circumstances Adrian IV decided to break the alliance with the Emperor and to make peace with William I of Sicily by signing the Treaty of Benevento (1156). In the following years there were growing tensions between the papacy and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (e.g. a dispute at the diet of Besançon in 1157). Frederick tried – with significant success – to strengthen his influence on the Church in Germany. The change of direction of the papal foreign policy resulted in the division of the Sacred College into supporters and opponents of the new policy, who were unable to achieve a compromise after the death of Adrian IV.
The election of 1159 had also significant legal consequences. Up to that time, the election of the new pope required unanimity among the electors, which led to the schism when the existence of factions in the Sacred College made the unanimity impossible. To avoid such schism in the future, the Third Lateran Council in 1179 promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, which established the rule that the Pope is elected with a majority of two thirds of the cardinals participating in the election.
## Death of Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV died on 1 September 1159. Fearing a possible schism, shortly before his death he recommended to the cardinals the election of Cardinal Bernard of Porto as his successor.
## List of participants
There were thirty-one cardinals in September 1159. One of them seems not to have participated in the election, leaving thirty electors:
| Elector | Faction | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
| -------------------------------- | ------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Imar, O.S.B. Cluny | Imperial | Bishop of Tusculum | 13 March 1142 | Innocent II | Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals |
| Gregorio della Suburra | Sicilian | Bishop of Sabina | 1 March 1140 | Innocent II | Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals |
| Ubaldo Allucingoli | Sicilian | Bishop of Ostia e Velletri | 16 December 1138 | Innocent II | Future Pope Lucius III (1181–85) |
| Giulio | neutral | Bishop of Palestrina | 19 May 1144 | Lucius II | |
| Bernard, Can.Reg. | Sicilian | Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina | 22 December 1144 | Lucius II | Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica; designated by Adrian IV but not elected |
| Walter, Can.Reg. | Sicilian | Bishop of Albano | 19 December 1158 | Adrian IV | |
| Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can.Reg. | Sicilian | Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme | 19 May 1144 | Lucius II | Protopriest of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Cardinal-nephew (?) |
| Ottaviano de Monticelli | Imperial | Priest of S. Cecilia | 25 February 1138 | Innocent II | Elected Antipope Victor IV |
| Astaldo degli Astalli | neutral | Priest of S. Prisca | 17 December 1143 | Celestine II | |
| Guido di Crema | Imperial | Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere | 21 September 1145 | Eugenius III | Future Antipope Paschal III (1164–68) |
| Rolando | Sicilian | Priest of S. Marco and Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church | 22 September 1150 | Eugenius III | Elected Pope Alexander III |
| Giovanni Gaderisio, Can.Reg. | Sicilian | Priest of S. Anastasia | 22 September 1150 | Eugenius III | |
| Giovanni da Sutri | neutral | Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo | 21 February 1152 | Eugenius III | |
| Enrico Moricotti, O.Cist. | neutral | Priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo | 21 February 1152 | Eugenius III | |
| Giovanni Morrone | Imperial | Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino | 23 May 1152 | Eugenius III | |
| Ildebrando Grassi, Can.Reg. | Sicilian | Priest of SS. XII Apostoli | 23 May 1152 | Eugenius III | |
| Bonadies de Bonadie | neutral | Priest of S. Crisogono | 21 December 1156 | Adrian IV | |
| Alberto di Morra, Can.Reg.Praem. | neutral | Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina | 21 December 1156 | Adrian IV | Future Pope Gregory VIII (1187) |
| Guglielmo Marengo, O.Cist. | Imperial (?) | Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli | 14 March 1158 | Adrian IV | |
| Odone Bonecase | Sicilian | Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro | 4 March 1132 | Innocent II | Protodeacon of the Sacred College of Cardinals |
| Rodolfo | neutral | Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio | 17 December 1143 | Celestine II | |
| Giacinto Bobone | neutral | Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin | 22 December 1144 | Lucius II | Future Pope Celestine III (1191–98) |
| Ottone da Brescia | Sicilian | Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere | 21 February 1152 | Eugenius III | |
| Ardicio Rivoltella | Sicilian | Deacon of S. Teodoro | 21 December 1156 | Adrian IV | |
| Boso, Can.Reg. | Sicilian | Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano | 21 December 1156 | Adrian IV | Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church; prefect of the Castle Sant’Angelo |
| Simeone Borelli, O.S.B.Cas. | Imperial | Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica | ca.1157 | Adrian IV | Abbot of Subiaco |
| Cinthius Capellus | Imperial (?) | Deacon of S. Adriano | 14 March 1158 | Adrian IV | nephew of Innocent II |
| Pietro di Miso | Sicilian | Deacon of S. Eustachio | 14 March 1158 | Adrian IV | |
| Raymond de Nimes | Imperial | Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | 14 March 1158 | Adrian IV | |
| Giovanni Conti da Anagni | neutral | Deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 19 December 1158 | Adrian IV | |
Five electors were created by Pope Innocent II, two by Pope Celestine II, four by Pope Lucius II, eight by Pope Eugenius III and eleven by Pope Adrian IV.
## Absentee
| Elector | Faction | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
| ---------------------------------- | ------- | --------------------------------- | ------------ | ----------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas. | neutral | Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro | ca.1139–1141 | Innocent II | Abbot of Montecassino (external cardinal) |
## Divisions in the Sacred College
The College of Cardinals was divided into two factions: the so-called "Sicilian" party and the Imperial faction. The "Sicilian" party, led by chancellor Rolando of Siena and Camerlengo Boso, supported the pro-Sicilian policy of Adrian IV. The Imperial faction was led by Ottaviano of S. Cecilia.
It is known that the "Sicilian" party counted thirteen cardinals. They were chancellor Roland of S. Marco, camerlengo Boso of SS. Cosma e Damiano, cardinal-bishops Bernard of Porto, Ubaldo of Ostia, Walter of Albano and Gregorio of Sabina, as well as cardinals Odone of S. Giorgio, Ubaldo of S. Croce, Ottone of S. Nicola, Ardicio of S. Teodoro, Giovanni of S. Anastasia, Ildebrando of SS. Apostoli and Pietro of S. Eustachio.
The Imperial party may have counted as many as nine cardinals, but only six can be identified as its members: Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS. Silvestro e Martino, Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere, Imar of Tusculum, Raymond of S. Maria in Via Lata and Simeone of S. Maria in Domnica Guglielmo of S. Pietro in Vincoli was probably the seventh one. Perhaps Cardinal Cinzio of S. Adriano also belonged to this faction. The remaining ten cardinals were neutral.
It is believed that both factions made some preparations to the election in the last months of the pontificate of Adrian IV, although these attempts are known only from the hostile accounts produced for the polemical purposes during the subsequent schism and it is impossible to verify their accuracy. Both sides accused each other of illegal conspiracies. The adherents of Victor IV accused "Sicilians" of receiving the bribes from the king William I of Sicily and the anti-Imperial cities of Brescia, Milan and Piacenza. They ostensibly made an oath not to vote for any candidate outside their circle. On the other hand, "Sicilians" accused imperialists of hatching a plot with the imperial envoy Otto von Wittelsbach, who was present at Rome at the time of the election and gave the significant support to Victor IV in taking control over the Patrimony of St. Peter. It is known that the secular adherents of Cardinal Ottaviano de Monticelli, who was related to the powerful family of the counts of Tusculum, were prepared for the armed confrontation in Rome. Evidently, neither party was prepared for compromise.
## Proceedings
### Election of Alexander III
The cardinals assembled in the Vatican Basilica on 4 September, three days after the death of Adrian IV. They had decided that, according to the custom, the election should be unanimous to be valid. It seems that the candidature of Bernard of Porto, recommended by Adrian as acceptable for both factions, had never been even advanced. Both parties put forward candidates mutually unacceptable: the imperial party proposed Ottaviano de Monticelli, while "Sicilians" proposed chancellor Rolando. The cardinals discussed for three days without achieving a compromise. However, the "Sicilian" party was able to join all the neutral cardinals and probably detached also some members of the imperial faction. On the fourth day (7 September), Cardinal Rolando of Siena was proclaimed pope by them and took the name Alexander III, although the unanimity had not been achieved and some cardinals still opposed his candidature. According to the manifest of Alexandrine party of October 1159 and an account of Cardinal Boso, on that day Rolando received the votes of all cardinals assembled except three: those of Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS. Silvestro e Martino and Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere. Then supporters of Rolando recognized that “It seemed inappropriate that ... the apostolic see ... should remain any longer without a ruler because of the contentiousness of the aforesaid [three] men”. On the other hand, the opposite party claimed that Ottaviano had still nine votes, and that the "Sicilian" party, having majority, simply broke the rule that required unanimity for the valid election. However, the version of the imperial cardinals is believed to be less reliable than the version of the Alexandrine party, even if the latter may be also not fully accurate; based on the subscriptions of the manifests of both parties issued shortly after the election, it is possible to assume that at least twenty-three electors voted for Rolando, and no more than six opposed him.
### Election of Victor IV
The electors of Cardinal Rolando, immediately after proclaiming him Pope, attempted to place upon him the purple mantle which symbolized the assumption of the papal office, but then the election entered the tumultuous stage. Cardinal Ottaviano Monticelli snatched the mantle from Alexander's back and his armed bands burst into the basilica. Alexander III and his supporters fled to the citadel of St. Peter, which was in the hands of Cardinal Boso. In their absence, the few cardinals who remained in basilica elected Ottaviano of S. Cecilia to the papacy and enthroned him as Victor IV. The exact number of his electors is not known, but there are good reasons to believe that it was six, including Ottaviano himself, since only five cardinals signed the manifest in his favour in the following month. However, it is possible that some additional cardinals participated in the election of Victor IV but very quickly joined the obedience of Alexander III.
### Consecration of Alexander III
Pope Alexander III remained in the citadel for a week until he was rescued and escorted from Rome by Odo Frangipane, and on September 18 he was eventually bestowed with the purple mantle. On 20 September at the small village of Ninfa, south-east of Velletri, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and crowned by Cardinal Odone Bonecase, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. On 27 September he excommunicated Victor IV and his adherents.
### Consecration of Victor IV
Victor IV was consecrated on 4 October in the abbey of Farfa by Cardinal-Bishop Imar of Tusculum, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, assisted by the bishops Ubaldo of Ferentino and Riccardo of Melfi. With the armed assistance of Otto von Wittelsbach and his own armed groups in relatively short time he took control over the City of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, while Alexander III took refuge in the territory of the Kingdom of Sicily, and later in France.
### Manifests of both factions in October 1159
Both rivals together with their adherents defended the legality of their elections. In October 1159 cardinals of both obediences produced the manifests to the Emperor Frederick in favour of their elects. The “Alexandrine” manifest was subscribed by twenty three cardinals, while that of Victorine
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2
] | 75
| 0
| 2
|
only by five. Supporters of Victor IV, admitting that they were in minority, justified their action by the fact that the opposite faction broke the rule of unanimity and – in consequence – the election of Rolando was invalid. The opposite party claimed that the principle of unanimity had been breached by the obstructive conduct of merely three cardinals of the Imperial faction, who stubbornly refused to recognize the candidate desired by the rest of the Sacred College.
### Final division of the Sacred College of Cardinals in October 1159
| Obedience of Alexander III | Obedience of Victor IV |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 1. Gregorio della Suburra, bishop of Sabina 2. Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri 3. Giulio, bishop of Palestrina 4. Bernard, Can.Reg., bishop of Porto e S. Rufina and archpriest of the Vatican Basilica 5. Walter, Can.Reg., bishop of Albano 6. Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can.Reg., protopriest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme 7. Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro and abbot of Montecassino 8. Astaldo degli Astalli, priest of S. Prisca 9. Giovanni da Sutri, priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo 10. Errico Moricotti, O.Cist., priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo 11. Ildebrando Grassi, Can.Reg., priest of SS. XII Apostoli 12. Giovanni Gaderisio, Can.Reg., priest of S. Anastasia 13. Bonadies de Bonadie, priest of S. Crisogono 14. Alberto di Morra, Can.Reg., priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina 15. Guglielmo Marengo, priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli 16. Odone Bonecase, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro 17. Rodolfo, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio 18. Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 19. Ottone da Brescia, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere 20. Ardicio Rivoltella, deacon of S. Teodoro 21. Boso, Can.Reg., deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano 22. Cinzio Capellus, deacon of S. Adriano 23. Pietro di Miso, deacon of S. Eustachio 24. Giovanni Conti da Anagni, deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 1. Imar, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Tusculum 2. Guido di Crema, priest of S. Maria in Trastevere 3. Giovanni Morrone, priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino 4. Raymond de Nimes, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 5. Simeone Borelli, O.S.B.Cas., deacon of S. Maria in Domnica and abbot of Subiaco |
Simeone Borelli joined the obedience of Alexander III already at the end of 1159. Raymond of S. Maria in Vi Lata did the same between February and April 1160. Besides, at the end of 1159 Victor IV created at least three new cardinal-deacons: Bernard of SS. Sergio e Bacco, Giovanni of S Maria in Aquiro and Lando of S. Angelo, while Alexander III appointed on February 18, 1160, cardinal-deacon Milo of S. Maria in Aquiro.
## Schism
Both popes sent their legates to the Catholic kingdoms in order to secure their recognition. At the council of Pavia in February 1160 Emperor Frederick I declared himself in favour of Victor IV, and the episcopate of the Empire followed him, with the significant exception of archbishop of Salzburg Eberhard I von Hilpolstein-Biburg and his suffragans. King Valdemar I of Denmark also gave his support to Victor IV, but the primate of Denmark archbishop Eskil of Lund became partisan of Alexander III. It seems that Poland also supported Victor IV. The rest of Europe, namely France, England, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Scotland, Hungary, Sicily and the Latin territories in Outremer, recognized Alexander III as true Pope, even if in some of these countries there were a significant Victorine minorities in episcopates or among feudal rulers. The papal schism in Europe was now a fact.
The unity of the Church had been restored only after eighteen years, when Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and Pope Alexander III signed a Treaty of Venice (1 August 1177); shortly thereafter the pro-imperial pope Callistus III (successor of Victor IV) abandoned his claims to the papacy and submitted to Alexander III (29 August 1178). Victor IV and his successors Paschal III (1164–68) and Callistus III (1168–78) are now regarded as antipopes by the Catholic Church, while Alexander III is recognized as legitimate successor of St. Peter the Apostle.
## Aftermath
The election of 1159 and the subsequent schism showed the necessity of amending the rules concerning papal elections. The decree Licet de evitanda discordia issued by the Third Lateran Council in 1179 abolished the rule of unanimity in favour of the rule of the majority of two thirds. The decree confirmed also that all three orders of the College of Cardinals (bishops, priests and deacons) are equal in the papal elections. Although the practice allowing the participation of cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons on equal rights with cardinal-bishops had been introduced no later than in the papal election, 1118, the decree In Nomine Domini (1059) conferring the special electoral rights on the cardinal-bishops had never been formally revoked up to that time.
## Sources
- Brenda Bolton, Anne Duggan (2003). Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-0708-9.
- Langen, Joseph (1893). Geschichte der Römischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III (in German). Bonn: M. Cohen. OL 7079971M.
- Jaffé, Philipp (1851). "Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII". Pan Biblioteka Kórnicka (in Latin). Berlin.
- Kartusch, Elfriede (1948). Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227 (in German). Wien.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Brixius, Johannes Matthias (1912). Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181 (in German). Berlin: R. Trenkel.
- Zenker, Barbara (1964). Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159 (in German). Würzburg.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Salvador, Miranda (1998–2008). The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University Library. Archived from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- Rahewin (2001). Gesta Friderici. Domus Ecclesiae.
- Ian Stuart Robinson (1990). The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31922-6.
|
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13,
2
] | 75
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# 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station
The 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line and the underground IND Concourse Line. It is located at the intersection of 161st Street and River Avenue in the Highbridge and Concourse neighborhoods of the Bronx. It is generally served by the 4 train at all times; the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction (unless there is an event at Yankee Stadium, and in such event, express trains will stop); and the B train weekdays until evening.
The combined passenger count for 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station in 2019 was 8,254,928, making it the busiest station in the Bronx and 49th busiest overall. This station is one of only two station complexes in the Bronx (the other being 149th Street–Grand Concourse).
## History
### Construction and opening
#### IRT Jerome Avenue Line
The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.
161st Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street.
On July 1, 1918, trains on the Ninth Avenue El began stopping here, as they were extended from 155th Street, entering the Bronx via the Putnam Bridge, a now-demolished swing bridge immediately north of the Macombs Dam Bridge, to connect with the Jerome Avenue line between 161st Street and 167th Street.
Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at this station. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities. The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.
#### IND Concourse Line
The IND Concourse Line, also referred to as the Bronx−Concourse Line, was one of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND). The line running from Bedford Park Boulevard to the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan was approved by the New York City Board of Transportation on March 10, 1925, with the connection between the two lines approved on March 24, 1927. The line was originally intended to be four tracks, rather than three tracks, to Bedford Park Boulevard.
Construction of the line began in July 1928. The building of the line and proposed extensions to central and eastern Bronx (see below) led to real estate booms in the area. The entire Concourse Line, including 161st Street—River Avenue station, opened on July 1, 1933, less than ten months after the IND's first line, the IND Eighth Avenue Line, opened for service. Initial service was provided by the C train, at that time an express train, between 205th Street, then via the Eighth Avenue Line, Cranberry Street Tunnel and the IND South Brooklyn Line (now Culver Line) to Bergen Street. The CC provided local service between Bedford Park Boulevard and Hudson Terminal (now World Trade Center).
On December 15, 1940, with the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, the D train began serving the IND Concourse Line along with the C and CC. It made express stops in peak during rush hours and Saturdays and local stops at all other times. C express service was discontinued in 1949–51, but the C designation was reinstated in 1985 when double letters used to indicate local service was discontinued. During this time, the D made local stops along the Concourse Line at all times except rush hours, when the C ran local to Bedford Park Boulevard. On March 1, 1998, the B train replaced the C as the rush-hour local on the Concourse Line, with the C moving to the Washington Heights portion of the Eighth Avenue Line.
When the IND portion was built in 1933, paper tickets were used to transfer between the two lines; this method was used until the 1950s, when the indoor escalators were built.
### Station renovations
Elevators at the station were installed in the early 2000s as part of a three-year renovation of the station complex and opened in late 2002, making the station the fourth in the Bronx to be fully ADA-compliant.
The MTA announced in late 2022 that it would open customer service centers at 15 stations; the centers would provide services such as travel information and OMNY farecards. The first six customer service centers, including one at the 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, were to open in early 2023. The 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station's customer service center opened in February 2023.
## Station layout
| 2F | Side platform | Side platform |
| 2F | Northbound local | ← toward Woodlawn (167th Street) |
| 2F | Peak-direction express | → No regular service |
| 2F | Southbound local | → toward Crown Heights–Utica Avenue (New Lots Avenue late nights) (149th Street–Grand Concourse) → |
| 2F | Side platform | |
| 1F | IRT mezzanine | Station agent, MetroCard and OMNY vending machines |
| G | Street level | Entrance/exit Elevator at northeast corner of 161st Street and River Avenue |
| B1 | IND mezzanine | Station agent, MetroCard and OMNY vending machines |
| B2 | Side platform | Side platform |
| B2 | Northbound local | ← toward Bedford Park Boulevard rush hours and select midday trips (167th Street) ← toward Norwood–205th Street (167th Street) |
| B2 | Peak-direction express | ← PM rush does not stop here ← AM rush does not stop here → |
| B2 | Southbound local | → toward Brighton Beach rush hours and select midday trips (155th Street) → → toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (155th Street) → |
| B2 | Side platform | |
The station complex is ADA-accessible, with elevators available to all platforms.
This station is located adjacent to Yankee Stadium, and also provides service to many Bronx County courts, government facilities, and shopping districts in Concourse Village, which are a short walk to the east. The station is three blocks away from the Yankees–East 153rd Street station, a Metro-North Railroad stop on the Hudson Line, which provides service to Yankee Stadium from Manhattan and the Lower Hudson Valley up to Poughkeepsie. Additional service is provided to this station in the form of shuttles from Grand Central, as well as select trains on the Harlem and New Haven lines on game days.
The 2002 artwork here is called Wall-Slide by Vito Acconci, which consists of sections of the station walls "sliding" out of place, sometimes out of the station. Wall-Slide forms seating on the IND platforms, and also reveals a mosaic work, Room of Tranquility by Helene Brandt, on the IRT mezzanine.
## IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms
The 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line that has three tracks and two side platforms. The 4 stops here at all times.
The station has extra exit stairs to handle stadium crowds at the southern end of each platform, which make the platforms at this station much longer than traditional IRT platforms. These stairs lead to a separate mezzanine and fare control that were built to serve the old Yankee Stadium located across 161st Street; they continue to serve the new Yankee Stadium during events.
The former IRT Ninth Avenue Line connected with the IRT Jerome Avenue Line just north of this station, near 162nd Street. A stub of the Ninth Avenue Line connecting trackway still exists and is visible today.
### Exits
On each side of River Avenue, there is one street stair to each of 161st Street's two medians. There are also two stairs to the southwest corner and one to the southeast corner. The northeast corner has an ADA-accessible elevator and transfer passageway.
- The view of the old Yankee Stadium from the IRT Jerome Line platform
- The IRT Jerome Line station as seen from the street
- Wall-Slide and Room of Tranquility on the mezzanine
- Wall-Slide detail beneath the mezzanine, over street level
## IND Concourse Line platforms
The 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station (161st Street–River Avenue on some signage) is a local station on the IND Concourse Line that has three tracks and two side platforms. It is the southernmost station on the IND Concourse Line within the Bronx.
### Exits
The full-time mezzanine to the west is at 161st Street and River Avenue with four street staircases. The part-time entrance to the east is at Walton Avenue and has two street staircases and a passageway to 161st Street. Before the renovation, there was a full length mezzanine, with Transit Bureau Offices located to one side. After the renovation, the NYPD area was expanded, and public areas inside fare control were sealed, thus dividing the mezzanine into two separate areas. A few staircases to the platforms were also sealed and removed.
- Modern sign next to an original-style mosaic
- An inverted color scheme on the stairway walls
- Wall-Slide detail at street level
|
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13,
2
] | 76
| 0
| 1
|
# 1936 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1936 in Cape Verde.
## Incumbents
- Colonial governor: Amadeu Gomes de Figueiredo
## Events
### March
- The literary review Claridade was first published[1][2]
|
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2
] | 77
| 0
| 1
|
# 1691 Oort
1691 Oort, provisional designation 1956 RB, is a rare-type carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers in diameter.
It was discovered on 9 September 1956, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth and Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Heidelberg Observatory in south-west Germany. It was later named after Dutch astronomer Jan Oort.
## Orbit and classification
is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. Oort orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,054 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.
It was first identified as 1945 TD at Turku in 1945, extending body's observation arc by 14 years prior to its official discovery observation. Information about an earlier 1917-identification, A917 TD, is not available.
## Physical characteristics
The dark C-type asteroid, classified as a rare intermediate CU-type in the Tholen taxonomy.
### Rotation period
In February 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Oort was obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer René Roy. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.2705 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3). An international study from 2013, published a concurring, modeled period of 10.2684 hours (n.a.).
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Oort measures 33.64 and 37.37 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.065 and 0.053, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 27.13 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.95.
## Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Dutch astronomer Jan Oort (1900–1992), director of the Leiden Observatory (1945–1970), president of the International Astronomical Union (1958–1961), and a well-known authority on stellar statistics and galactic structure.
He overturned the idea that the Sun was at the center of the Milky Way. The Oort cloud, the outermost gravitationally bound region of the Solar System, was also named after him. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 February 1970 (M.P.C. 3023).
|
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] | 78
| 0
| 1
|
# 115 (barge)
48°41′53″N 86°39′17″W / 48.69806°N 86.65472°W
115 (also known as Barge 115, No.115, or Whaleback 115) was an American whaleback barge in service between 1891 and 1899. She was built between May and August 1891, in Superior, Wisconsin (or West Superior, Wisconsin) by Alexander McDougall's American Steel Barge Company, for the "McDougall fleet", based in Buffalo, New York. She was one of a class of distinctive, experimental ship designed and built by McDougall. The whalebacks were designed to be more stable in high seas. They had rounded decks, and lacked the normal straight sides seen on traditional lake freighters. 115 entered service on August 25, hauling iron ore from Superior.
In December 1899, while being towed by the whaleback freighter Colgate Hoyt from Two Harbors, Minnesota, for Lake Erie with a load of iron ore, the two vessels encountered a storm. After 40 hours of slow progress across Lake Superior, 115 broke away from Colgate Hoyt at 6:05 a.m., on December 13. Colgate Hoyt searched for her for four hours, but due to the scarcity of fuel on board, she was forced to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie. After drifting around Lake Superior for five days, 115 crashed into Pic Island, near Marathon, Ontario. Her crew made it to shore in a makeshift raft, walking for several days, before being located by crew from the Canadian Pacific Railway.
The wreck of 115 was located in 1980, at a depth of between 40 and 80 feet (12.2 and 24.4 m) of water.
## History
### Background
115 was a whaleback, an innovative but unpopular ship design of the late 1880s, designed by Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventor and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas. Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides, and conoidal ends. Their rounded hulls enabled water to easily slide off their decks, minimising friction, and letting them sail quickly and smoothly through the water. Their superstructure was located on turrets mounted on the main deck. The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance, and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision. As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them "pig boats".
After McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin, in 1888, and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the steamer Charles W. Wetmore to London, and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the steamer City of Everett. Despite McDougall's further efforts to promote the design with the excursion liner Christopher Columbus, whalebacks never caught on, with only 44 of them being built.
### Design and construction
115 (also known as Barge 115, No.115, or Whaleback 115) was constructed in 1891, in Superior (or West Superior), Wisconsin, by the American Steel Barge Company. Her first hull frames were laid down on May 21, 1891. She was launched on August 15, of that same year. 115 was identical to the barge 116, launched later in August. She was 256 feet (78.0 m) long and 36 feet (11.0 m) wide, and her hull was 18.75 feet (5.7 m) deep. She had a gross tonnage of 1,169 tons, and a net tonnage of 1,110 tons. She was an unrigged barge, and was towed by a steam-powered ship.
### Service history
115 was built by the American Steel Barge Company for the fleet of the same name based in Buffalo, New York. She was enrolled in Duluth, Minnesota, on August 20, 1891, and was given the US official number 53268. Her home port was Buffalo. 115 entered service on August 25, carrying iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin.
On May 11 or 12, 1893, 115 was in tow of Colgate Hoyt, when she was struck by the downbound whaleback freighter Thomas Wilson, which had the whaleback barge 101 in tow. 115 was dry docked in Duluth on May 20, for repairs. 115 broke 16 hull plates on May 3, 1894, when she collided with the steamer Mesaba on Lake George. In 1895, management of the American Steel Barge Company fleet was taken over by Pickands Mather & Company of Cleveland, Ohio. While loaded with iron ore and under tow of the whaleback steamer A.D. Thompson, 115 ran aground in the St. Marys River, below the Sault Ste. Marie Canal in the afternoon on July 18, 1897. She was released on the morning of July 19, after lightering her cargo, which she later reloaded; she sustained no damage in the grounding. In August 1897, 115 was dry docked in West Superior, in order to repair damage she sustained after striking the bottom in an unknown river. Ten of her bottom plates and two of her keel plates needed to be replaced.
### Final voyage
In December 1899, 115 and her towing steamer Colgate Hoyt were in Two Harbors, Minnesota, where 115 loaded 3,000 tons of iron ore bound for Lake Erie, on what was meant to be their final trip of the shipping season. The two vessels left Two Harbors on December 10, and headed for the Soo Locks. 115 was under the command of Arthur A. Boyce, and had a complement of eight crew (including Captain Boyce). As the two vessels left Two Harbors, they sailed into a storm. For 40 hours, Colgate Hoyt and 115 made slow progress across Lake Superior, when at 6:05 a.m. on December 13, 115 broke away from Colgate Hoyt, south of Pic Island. Colgate Hoyt's crew frantically searched for 115 for four hours, but scarcity of fuel on board forced her to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie, where they enlisted tugboats to help search for 115. Initially, 115 and her crew were believed to have been lost.
115 drifted for five days before stranding near Marathon, Ontario, on Pic Island, located on the north shore of Lake Superior, becoming the final shipwreck to occur on the Great Lakes during the 1800s. Her crew made it ashore in 115's small life raft, making multiple trips between the stranded barge and Pic Island until everyone on board reached safety. Some of the crewmen carried with them extra clothes, while others carried food (two loaves of bread and ham). As well as clothes and the food items, the crewmen carried with them candles and grease. After walking around the island for a while, the crewmen discovered an old, roofless log cabin, containing a stove. They fashioned a roof out of tree branches, and spent the night in the cabin. The following morning, the crewmen tore the cabin down, fashioning a makeshift raft out of the wood. They made it ashore on the mainland, and ended up camping in the bush. The next day, they began walking along the shore to the west, camping in the bush that night as well. After walking for four days, the crewmen stumbled upon a Canadian Pacific Railway track. Following the track, the crewmen managed to make it to Middletown, Ontario, at around noon, that same day. Although all of 115's crew survived, her cook's feet were frostbitten. All of 115's crew made it home in time for Christmas. 115 was the second whaleback lost on the Great Lakes.
## 115wreck
The wreck of 115 was discovered in 1980 after a major search by wreck hunter Ryan LeBlanc at a depth of between 40 and 80 feet (12.2 and 24.4 m) of water, on a rock bottom. Maritime historian and author Cris Kohl's book, The 100 Best Great Lakes Shipwrecks – Volume II. erroneously states that 115's bow with its turret is intact, whereas dive footage shot in about 1980 shows that her stern and its turret are intact, instead of the bow. The bow section is broken up. Due to the force with which 115 pounded against Pic Island, there are twisted steel plates located as high as 50 feet (15.2 m) on the cliff she wrecked against. Her intact bell was retrieved around the time she was discovered.
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] | 79
| 0
| 1
|
# 1725 in France
Events from the year 1725 in France.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Louis XV[1]
## Events
- 16 September – The Treaty of Hanover is signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.
- 1725–1730 - Freemasonry is established in France as an English import.
## Births
- 25 January – Antoine Court de Gébelin, French pastor (d. 1784)
- 26 February – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French steam vehicle pioneer (d. 1804)
- 12 May – Louis Philip I, Duke of Orléans, French soldier and writer (d. 1785)
- 12 May – Comte de Rochambeau, French soldier (d. 1807)
- 21 August – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (d. 1805)
- 5 September – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799)
- 12 September – Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (d. 1792)
- 16 September – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (d. 1815)
- 12 October – Etienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist and entomologist (d. 1810)
## Deaths
- 6 April – Étienne Chauvin, French Protestant divine (b. 1640)
- 16 September – Antoine V de Gramont, French military leader (b. 1672)
- 10 October – Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil, Governor-General of New France (b. c.1643)
- 7 December – Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist and actor (b. 1661)
|
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] | 80
| 0
| 1
|
# 1938 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
The 1938 elections to select inductees to the Baseball Hall of Fame were conducted along much the same lines as the 1937 vote. Toward the goal of 10 initial inductees from the 20th century, eight had now been selected; members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) were once again given authority to select any players active in the 20th century, excepting active players. The Centennial Commission retained the responsibility of selecting inductees whose contributions were largely as non-players.
As the obvious stars had already been elected, only pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander was selected via the BBWAA ballot. The Centennial Commission selected Alexander Cartwright and Henry Chadwick.
## BBWAA vote
In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates. Any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in the sport's supposed centennial year of 1939. Individuals who had been barred from baseball, though not formally ineligible, no longer received even the minimal support given them in the two prior elections.
A total of 262 ballots were cast, with 2,475 individual votes for 120 specific candidates, an average of 9.45 per ballot; 197 votes were required for election. The balloting was dominated by players of the 1900s and 1910s, rather than those of the more recent two decades; the results were announced in January 1938. The sole candidate who received at least 75% of the vote and was elected is indicated in bold italics; candidates who have since been selected in subsequent elections are indicated in italics:
| Player | Votes | Percent | Change |
| -------------------------- | ----- | ------- | ------- |
| Grover Cleveland Alexander | 212 | 80.9 | 0 18.7% |
| George Sisler | 179 | 68.3 | 0 15.6% |
| Willie Keeler | 177 | 67.6 | 0 10.4% |
| Eddie Collins | 175 | 66.8 | 0 9.6% |
| Rube Waddell | 148 | 56.5 | 0 23.2% |
| Frank Chance | 133 | 50.8 | 0 26.4% |
| Ed Delahanty | 132 | 50.4 | 0 15.6% |
| Ed Walsh | 110 | 42.0 | 0 14.1% |
| Johnny Evers | 91 | 34.7 | 0 12.8% |
| Jimmy Collins | 79 | 30.2 | 0 2.6% |
| Rabbit Maranville | 73 | 27.9 | 0 15.5% |
| Roger Bresnahan | 67 | 25.6 | 0 4.2% |
| Fred Clarke | 63 | 24.0 | 0 13.1% |
| Mordecai Brown | 54 | 20.6 | 0 5.2% |
| Miller Huggins | 48 | 18.3 | 0 15.8% |
| Rogers Hornsby | 46 | 17.6 | 0 8.8% |
| Ray Schalk | 45 | 17.2 | 0 5.3% |
| Ross Youngs | 40 | 15.3 | 0 7.3% |
| Eddie Plank | 38 | 14.5 | 0 3.1% |
| Herb Pennock | 37 | 14.1 | 0 6.6% |
| Joe McGinnity | 36 | 13.7 | 0 7.7% |
| Chief Bender | 33 | 12.6 | 0 4.1% |
| Frank Baker | 32 | 12.2 | 0 5.7% |
| Johnny Kling | 26 | 9.9 | 0 0.1% |
| Hugh Duffy | 24 | 9.2 | 0 5.7% |
| Hughie Jennings | 23 | 8.8 | 0 6.8% |
| Addie Joss | 18 | 6.9 | 0 1.4% |
| Wilbert Robinson | 17 | 6.5 | 0 4.0% |
| Joe Tinker | 16 | 6.1 | 0 1.4% |
| Harry Heilmann | 14 | 5.3 | 0 0.3% |
| Nap Rucker | 12 | 4.6 | 0 0.9% |
| Babe Adams | 11 | 4.2 | 0 0.2% |
| Sam Crawford | 11 | 4.2 | 0 1.7% |
| Lou Criger | 11 | 4.2 | 0 3.8% |
| Clark Griffith | 10 | 3.8 | 0 1.8% |
| Rube Marquard | 10 | 3.8 | 0 2.7% |
| Dazzy Vance | 10 | 3.8 | 0 1.2% |
| Edd Roush | 9 | 3.4 | 0 1.6% |
| Hank Gowdy | 8 | 3.1 | 0 2.1% |
| Amos Rusie | 8 | 3.1 | 0 2.6% |
| Fred Tenney | 8 | 3.1 | 0 0.6% |
| Nick Altrock | 7 | 2.7 | 0 1.2% |
| Jimmy Archer | 7 | 2.7 | 0 0.3% |
| Earle Combs | 7 | 2.7 | 0 0.7% |
| Bill Terry | 7 | 2.7 | - |
| Bobby Wallace | 7 | 2.7 | 0 2.2% |
| Zack Wheat | 7 | 2.7 | 0 0.2% |
| Max Carey | 6 | 2.3 | 0 0.7% |
| Smoky Joe Wood | 6 | 2.3 | 0 4.2% |
| Mike Donlin | 5 | 1.9 | 0 1.1% |
| Duffy Lewis | 5 | 1.9 | 0 0.4% |
| Art Nehf | 5 | 1.9 | 0 0.4% |
| Bill Carrigan | 4 | 1.5 | 0 1.0% |
| Bill Dinneen | 4 | 1.5 | - |
| Larry Doyle | 4 | 1.5 | 0 0.5% |
| Harry Hooper | 4 | 1.5 | 0 1.5% |
| Stuffy McInnis | 4 | 1.5 | 0 1.0% |
| Jack Barry | 3 | 1.1 | - |
| George Burns | 3 | 1.1 | 0 0.4% |
| Art Fletcher | 3 | 1.1 | 0 0.1% |
| Heinie Groh | 3 | 1.1 | 0 0.6% |
| Dickey Kerr | 3 | 1.1 | 0 0.6% |
| Kid Nichols | 3 | 1.1 | - |
| Pie Traynor | 3 | 1.1 | - |
| Dave Bancroft | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.7% |
| Bill Bradley | 2 | 0.8 | 0 1.7% |
| Jesse Burkett | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.3% |
| Jack Chesbro | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.3% |
| Jack Coombs | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.2% |
| Gavvy Cravath | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.2% |
| Kid Elberfeld | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.3% |
| Eddie Foster | 2 | 0.8 | - |
| Joe Judge | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.3% |
| Sherry Magee | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.2% |
| Roger Peckinpaugh | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.7% |
| Eppa Rixey | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.3% |
| Ossee Schreckengost | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.2% |
| Everett Scott | 2 | 0.8 | 0 0.2% |
| Casey Stengel | 2 | 0.8 | - |
| Ginger Beaumont | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Marty Bergen | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.6% |
| Ray Chapman | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Andy Coakley | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Wilbur Cooper | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Stan Coveleski | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Doc Crandall | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Walton Cruise | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Bill Dahlen | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Jake Daubert | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.6% |
| Wild Bill Donovan | 1 | 0.4 | 0 1.1% |
| Red Dooin | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Joe Dugan | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Howard Ehmke | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Red Faber | 1 | 0.4 | 0 1.1% |
| Elmer Flick | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Kid Gleason | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Eddie Grant | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Burleigh Grimes | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Bucky Harris | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Buck Herzog | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Charlie Irwin | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Fielder Jones | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Arlie Latham | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Hans Lobert | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.6% |
| Herman Long | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Dolf Luque | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Firpo Marberry | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Bob Meusel | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Clyde Milan | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Pat Moran | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Red Murray | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Hub Perdue | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Sam Rice | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Jimmy Sheckard | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Urban Shocker | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Jake Stahl | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Gabby Street | 1 | 0.4 | 0 0.1% |
| Ira Thomas | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Cy Williams | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| Chief Zimmer | 1 | 0.4 | - |
| | Elected to the Hall. These individuals are also indicated in bold italics. |
| | Players who were elected in future elections. These individuals are also indicated in plain italics. |
## Centennial Commission
Once again, the Hall opted to have this small committee of six members select inductees "for outstanding service to base ball apart from playing the game." After selecting five individuals in 1937, the Commission chose two inductees at the major league winter meetings in New York City in December 1938, though the choices were not announced until the following month:
- Alexander Cartwright, who had been instrumental in organizing some of the game's first teams in the 1840s and had moved to establish the game's first consistent playing rules; and
- Henry Chadwick, a sportswriter who had tirelessly promoted the game in the late 19th century and had been a major force in revision of the rules through several decades. To date he is the only sportswriter (or commentator) to be inducted into the real Hall of Fame (as opposed to the writers' and commentators' "wings").
|
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] | 81
| 0
| 1
|
# 161st meridian west
Download coordinates as:
- KML
- GPX (all coordinates)
- GPX (primary coordinates)
- GPX (secondary coordinates)
The meridian 161° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 161st meridian west forms a great circle with the 19th meridian east.
## From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 161st meridian west passes through:
| Co-ordinates | Country, territory or sea | Notes |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 90°0′N 161°0′W / 90.000°N 161.000°W | Arctic Ocean | |
| 71°37′N 161°0′W / 71.617°N 161.000°W | Chukchi Sea | |
| 70°21′N 161°0′W / 70.350°N 161.000°W | United States | Alaska |
| 64°51′N 161°0′W / 64.850°N 161.000°W | Bering Sea | Norton Bay |
| 64°33′N 161°0′W / 64.550°N 161.000°W | United States | Alaska |
| 64°15′N 161°0′W / 64.250°N 161.000°W | Bering Sea | Norton Sound - passing just east of Besboro Island, Alaska, United States (at 64°7′N 161°17′W / 64.117°N 161.283°W) |
| 63°37′N 161°0′W / 63.617°N 161.000°W | United States | Alaska — mainland and Hagemeister Island |
| 58°33′N 161°0′W / 58.550°N 161.000°W | Bering Sea | Bristol Bay |
| 56°1′N 161°0′W / 56.017°N 161.000°W | United States | Alaska — Kudobin Islands and Alaska Peninsula |
| 55°26′N 161°0′W / 55.433°N 161.000°W | Pacific Ocean | Passing just west of Unga Island, Alaska, United States (at 55°19′N 160°51′W / 55.317°N 160.850°W) · Passing just east of Rakahanga atoll, Cook Islands (at 10°1′S 161°4′W / 10.017°S 161.067°W) |
| 10°22′S 161°0′W / 10.367°S 161.000°W | Cook Islands | Manihiki atoll |
| 10°26′S 161°0′W / 10.433°S 161.000°W | Pacific Ocean | |
| 60°0′S 161°0′W / 60.000°S 161.000°W | Southern Ocean | |
| 78°2′S 161°0′W / 78.033°S 161.000°W | Antarctica | Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand |
|
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29900,
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462,
462,
462,
462,
462,
462,
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891,
13,
2
] | 82
| 0
| 1
|
# 1725 in Great Britain
Events from the year 1725 in Great Britain.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – George I
- Prime Minister – Robert Walpole (Whig)[1]
## Events
- 2 March – in London, a night watchman finds a severed head by the Thames; it is later recognized to be that of the husband of Catherine Hayes. She and an accomplice are executed the following year.[2]
- 12 May – the Black Watch is raised as a military company as part of the pacification of the Scottish Highlands under General George Wade.[3]
- 18 May – the Order of the Bath is founded by King George I.[4]
- 24 May – Jonathan Wild, fraudulent "Thief Taker General", is hanged in Tyburn, for actually aiding criminals.[5]
- 3 September – Treaty of Hanover signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.[6]
- 20 November – the horse-post from Edinburgh to London vanishes after passing through Berwick-upon-Tweed; horse and rider are thought to have perished on tidal sands near Lindisfarne.[3]
### Undated
- A fire in Wapping, England destroys 70 houses.[7]
- Alexander Pope produces an English language translation of Homer's Odyssey.[4]
## Births
- 4 February – Dru Drury, entomologist (died 1804)
- 6 March – Henry Benedict Stuart, cardinal and Jacobite claimant to the British throne (born, and died 1807, in Italy)
- 28 March – Andrew Kippis, non-conformist clergyman and biographer (died 1795)
- 25 April – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, admiral (died 1786)
- 23 May – Robert Bakewell, agriculturalist (died 1795)
- 1 July – Rhoda Delaval, portrait painter (died 1757)
- 24 July – John Newton, cleric and hymnist (died 1807)
- 29 August – Charles Townshend, politician (died 1767)
- 29 September – Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, general and statesman (died 1774)
- 17 October – John Wilkes, politician and journalist (died 1797)
- Paul Sandby, cartographer and painter (died 1809)
## Deaths
- 8 April – John Wise, clergyman (born 1652)
- 24 May – Jonathan Wild, criminal (born 1682)
|
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29953,
29947,
29906,
29897,
13,
13,
2
] | 83
| 0
| 1
|
# 12 Rounds (band)
12 Rounds is a British rock band formed by Atticus Ross and singer Claudia Sarne, who are married. After the release of their first album, Jitter Juice, they toured with the Sneaker Pimps. 12 Rounds played the Reading Festival in 1996. Their song "Something's Burning" was featured on the soundtrack to the 1997 film All Over Me, and "Just Another Day," their collaboration with Pale 3, was featured on the soundtrack to the 2000 film The Princess and the Warrior. The group released a few projects under various record labels before releasing My Big Hero under Trent Reznor's Nothing Records. They were the opening act on Marilyn Manson's Mechanical Animals promo tour that ranged from September to December 1998. A follow-up album was recorded with Reznor as producer; it remains unreleased. Ross has nonetheless worked with Reznor on every Nine Inch Nails album since With Teeth as well as other projects.
12 Rounds re-obtained rights to songs from the unreleased third album and plan on releasing singles on their official website. The first song released was titled "Shine On."
## Discography
### Albums
- 1996: Jitter Juice (Polydor)
- 1998: My Big Hero (Nothing/Interscope)
### EPs
- 1996: Personally (Polydor)
|
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] | 84
| 0
| 1
|
# 1938 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1938 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 17th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. AIK won the championship.
## Tournament
### Quarterfinals
- Södertälje IF - IK Hermes 2:0
- AIK - IFK Mariefred 7:1
- IK Göta - Södertälje SK 2:0
- Hammarby IF - Karlbergs BK 1:0
### Semifinals
- Södertälje IF - AIK 0:4
- IK Göta - Hammarby IF 1:2
### Final
- AIK - Hammarby IF 2:0
|
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] | 85
| 0
| 1
|
# 1645 in art
Events from the year 1645 in art.
## Events
- (unknown)
## Works
### Paintings
- Claude Lorrain - Landscape with Apollo and Mercury
- William Dobson - The Painter with Sir Charles Cottrell and another (approx. date)
- Rembrandt
- Girl at a Window
- Holy Family
- Portrait of an Old Man
- Self-portrait
- Salvator Rosa - Philosophy (approx. date)
- Diego Velázquez - Portrait of Sebastián de Morra (approx. date)
### Sculpture
- Gianlorenzo Bernini - Truth Unveiled by Time
## Births
- January 11 - Matthias Rauchmiller, German sculptor active in Vienna (died 1686)
- August 30 - Giuseppe Avanzi, Italian painter of the Baroque period (died 1718)
- September - Romeyn de Hooghe, Dutch Baroque engraver and caricaturist (died 1708)
- September 14 - Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith and portrait painter (died 1718)
- October 26 - Aert de Gelder, Dutch painter in the tradition of Rembrandt's late style (died 1727)
- December 6 – Maria de Dominici, Maltese sculptor and painter (died 1703)[1]
- date unknown
- Giovanni Antonio Fumiani, Italian painter of the Baroque period (died 1710)
- François de Troy, French painter, father of Jean-François de Troy (died 1730)
- Carlo Girolamo Bersotti, Italy painter of the Baroque period, specialized in painting still lifes (died unknown)
- Sebastiano Taricco, Italian painter of the Baroque period (died 1710)
- Jean-Baptiste Théodon, French sculptor (died 1713)
- probable
- Giulio Giacinto Avellino, Italian painter (died 1700)
- Urbano Romanelli, Italian painter in Rome and in churches at Velletri (died 1682)
- Andrea Lanzani, Italian painter for the Habsburg court (died 1712)
## Deaths
- April 11 - Ferraù Fenzoni, Italian painter active in Todi
- April 14 - Shi Kefa, Chinese government official and calligrapher (born 1601)
- May - Ambrosius Bosschaert II, Dutch flower painter (born 1609)
- July 12 - Luciano Borzone, Italian painter of the Baroque period with an antique style (born 1590)
- September - Julius Porcellis, Dutch marine artist (born c.1610)
- December 12 - Giovanni Bernardino Azzolini or Mazzolini or Asoleni, Italian painter (born 1572)
- date unknown
- Juan Alfonso Abril, Spanish painter active mainly in his native Valladolid (born unknown)
- Christoffel van den Berghe, Dutch painter (born 1590)
- Hans Gillisz. Bollongier, Dutch still life painter (born 1600)
- Paolo Domenico Finoglia, Italian painter (born 1590)
- Sebastiano Ghezzi, Italian painter and architect (born 1580)
- Jacob van der Heyden, Flemish Baroque painter, sculptor and engraver (born 1573)
- Francisco Varela, Spanish Baroque painter (born 1580)
- Wen Zhenheng, Chinese Ming dynasty scholar, painter, and landscape garden designer (born 1585)
|
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] | 86
| 0
| 1
|
# 174th (2/2nd London) Brigade
The 174th (2/2nd London) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line of the 168th (1/2nd London) Brigade.
## Formation
- 2/5th Battalion, London Regiment
- 2/6th Battalion, London Regiment (City of London Rifles)
- 2/7th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment
- 2/8th Battalion, London Regiment (Post Office Rifles)
- 198th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps
- 174th Trench Mortar Battery[1]
|
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279,
350,
2620,
29891,
29961,
29896,
29962,
13,
13,
2
] | 87
| 0
| 1
|
# 12th Japan Film Professional Awards
The 12th Japan Film Professional Awards (第12回日本映画プロフェッショナル大賞) is the 12th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. Films of 2002 were eligible, with a focus on independent works not released by major distribution companies. An award ceremony did not take place.
## Awards
- Best Film: Harmful Insect
- Best Director: Akihiko Shiota (Harmful Insect)
- Best Director: Kunitoshi Manda (Unloved)
- Best Actress: Yoko Moriguchi (Unloved)
- Best Actor: Gorō Kishitani [jp] (Graveyard of Honor)
- Best New Director: Nami Iguchi (Inuneko [jp])
## 10 best films
1. Harmful Insect (Akihiko Shiota)
2. KT (Junji Sakamoto)
3. Blue Spring (Toshiaki Toyoda)
4. Sorry (Shin Togashi)
5. Graveyard of Honor (Takashi Miike)
6. Unloved (Kunitoshi Manda)
7. Doing Time (Yoichi Sai)
8. Aiki (Daisuke Tengan [jp])
9. Yoru o Kakete [jp] (Su Jin-kim [jp])
10. The Laughing Frog (Hideyuki Hirayama)
1. Suicide Club (Sion Sono)
|
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] | 88
| 0
| 1
|
# 1646 in Denmark
Events from the year 1646 in Denmark.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Christian IV[1]
## Events
- 30 August – Køge Pharmacy is founded.[2]
### Undated
- Møntergården is constructed by Falk Gøye in Odense.[3][4]
## Births
- 3 January – Henrik Bornemann, clergyman and theologian (died 1710)
- 16 April – Christian V of Denmark (died 1699)
### Full date missing
- Elsje Christiaens, murderer (died 1684)
- Matthias Knutzen, author (died after 1674)
## Deaths
- 25 May – Just Høg, statesman and landowner (born 1584)
### Full date missing
- Morten Steenwinkel, architect (born 1595)
## Publications
- Thomas Bartholin: De Angina Puerorum Campaniae Siciliaeque Epidemica Exercitationes. Paris
- Christen Sørensen Longomontanus: Caput tertium Libri primi de absoluta Mensura Rotundi plani, etc
|
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2
] | 89
| 0
| 1
|
# 1773 in art
Events from the year 1773 in art.
## Events
- July 25 – Francisco Goya marries Josefa Bayeu.
- Ulrika Pasch elected in to the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
## Paintings
- John Singleton Copley – Portrait of Mrs Winslow
- Nathaniel Dance-Holland – Self-Portrait
- François-Hubert Drouais – Portrait of Marie Antoinette
- Dmitry Levitzky – Portraits of the young ladies of the Smolny Institute in Saint Petersburg
- Charles Willson Peale – Family Group portrait
- Sir Joshua Reynolds
- Portrait of Joseph Banks
- Portrait of Francesco Bartolozzi
- Lady Anne Luttrell, The Duchess of Cumberland
- Benjamin West – The Wife of Arminius Brought Captive to Germanicus
- Joseph Wright of Derby – Earthstopper on the Banks of the Derwent
- Melchior Wyrsch – Reginald Pole Carew
- Joseph Vernet
- A Landscape at Sunset
- A Shipwreck in Stormy Seas
## Births
- January 5 – Pieter Fontijn, Dutch painter and drawer (died 1839)
- January 31 – Luigi Pichler, German-Italian artist in engraved gems (died 1854)
- July 7 – Moses Haughton the Younger, English engraver and painter of portrait miniatures (died 1849)
- December 9 – Marianne Ehrenström, Swedish writer, singer, painter, pianist, culture personality, and memorialist (died 1867)
- December 16 – José Aparicio, Spanish painter of the Neoclassic period (died 1838)
- date unknown
- Edward Wedlake Brayley, English enameller, topographer, and writer (died 1854)
- John Comerford, Irish miniature painter (died 1832)
- Carl Conjola, German landscape painter (died 1831)
- Luigi Rados, Italian engraver (died 1840)
- Naitō Toyomasa, Japanese sculptor of netsuke from Tanba Province (died 1856)
## Deaths
- February 15 – Anna Maria Barbara Abesch, Swiss reverse glass painter (born 1706)
- March 1 – Luigi Vanvitelli, Italian engineer and architect (born 1700)
- March 26 – Johan Ross the Elder, Swedish painter (born 1695)
- April 20 – Hubert-François Gravelot, French illustrator (born 1699)
- July 2 – Dirk van der Burg, Dutch artist, landscape painter and watercolourist (born 1721)
- August 19 – Francesco Zahra, Maltese painter (born 1710)
- August 30 – Nicolau Nasoni, artist and architect (born 1691)
- September 13 – Anton Janša, Slovene beekeeper and painter (born 1734)
- December 4 – Anton Losenko, Ukrainian-Russian Neoclassical painter who specialized in historical subjects and portraits (born 1737)
- December 22 – Georg Friedrich Strass, Alsatian jeweler and inventor of imitation gemstones and the rhinestone (born 1701)
- date unknown
- Gerhard Bockman, Dutch portrait painter and mezzotint engraver (born 1686)
- Thomas-Joachim Hébert, French ébéniste and furniture designer (born 1687)
- Jakob Klukstad, Norwegian wood carver and painter (born 1705)
- Antonio Rossi – Italian painter of the late-Baroque or Rococo period (born 1700)
- József Lénárd Wéber, Hungarian sculptor (born 1702)
- Marcos Zapata, Peruvian Quechua painter (born 1710)
|
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] | 90
| 0
| 1
|
# 1939 in chess
The below is a list of events in chess in 1939.
## Chess events in brief
- Last (21st) edition of Howard Staunton's The Chess-Player's Handbook is published.
- 21 August-19 September 1939 - the 8th Chess Olympiad (known at the time as the Hamilton-Russell Cup) is held in Buenos Aires. Germany wins the gold medal (Erich Eliskases on first board), Poland silver (Savielly Tartakower on first board), and Estonia bronze (Paul Keres on first board).[1]
- The 7th Women's World Championship is held in conjunction with the Olympiad. Vera Menchik-Stevenson (England) retains her title. She won, scoring 18/19, followed by Sonja Graf (16/19), Berna Carrasco (15.5/19), etc.
- Political refugees - At the conclusion of events, many participants decided to stay in Argentina or moved elsewhere in South America, rather than face an uncertain future by returning to Europe in the midst of World War II. The players affected included Miguel Najdorf, Paulino Frydman, Gideon Ståhlberg, Erich Eliskases, Paul Michel, Ludwig Engels, Albert Becker, Heinrich Reinhardt, Jiří Pelikán, Karel Skalička, Markas Luckis, Movsas Feigins, Ilmar Raud, Moshe Czerniak, Meir Rauch, Victor Winz, Aristide Gromer, Franciszek Sulik, Adolf Seitz, Chris De Ronde, Zelman Kleinstein, Sonja Graf and Paulette Schwartzmann.[2] Most of them were Jewish and had come to Buenos Aires in August 1939 on the Belgian steamer "Piriapolis".[3] The ship has therefore come to be regarded as the epitome of Noah's Ark for a generation of chess players. Significantly, all members of the German team also chose not to return to Nazi Germany.
- 27 December 1939 - American Chess Federation and National Chess Federation form the United States Chess Federation (USCF).[4]
## Tournaments
- Hastings International Chess Congress won by László Szabó ahead of Max Euwe, 1938/39.
- Sydney (the Australian Chess Championship), won by Gary Koshnitsky, 1938/39.
- Wanganui (the New Zealand Chess Championship), won by John Dunlop, 1938/39.
- Riga (the Latvian Chess Championship), won by Vladimirs Petrovs, 1938/39.
- Warsaw won by Mieczysław Najdorf ahead of Dawid Przepiórka, 1938/39.
- Karlsruhe won by Anton Kohler, Efim Bogoljubow and Eisinger Jr, 26 December 1938 - January 1939.
- Leningrad-Moscow won by Salo Flohr ahead of Samuel Reshevsky, January 3 - February 1, 1939.
- Amsterdam (KNSB), won by Euwe, Szabó and Flohr
- Amsterdam (VARA), won by Salo Landau and Euwe.
- Baarn (I) (Quadrangular), won by Flohr.
- Baarn (II) (Quadrangular), won by Euwe.
- Beverwijk (Quadrangular), won by Nicolaas Cortlever.
- Amsterdam (the 12th Dutch Chess Championship), won by Landau.
- Birmingham won by Lodewijk Prins ahead of Paul List and H.E. Price.
- Budapest won by Zoltán von Balla and Szabó.
- Kemeri–Riga won by Flohr ahead of Gideon Ståhlberg and Szabó, March 1939.
- Warsaw won by Najdorf ahead of Paulin Frydman.
- Łódź won by Izaak Appel and Jakub Kolski, ahead of Teodor Regedziński, March 1939.
- Lvov (Championship of the City), won by Izak Schächter ahead of Henryk Friedman.
- Minsk (the Belarusian Chess Championship), won by Gavril Veresov.
- Leningrad (the Leningrad City Chess Championship), won by Georgy Lisitsin.
- Lübeck won by Alfred Brinckmann, start 2 April 1939.
- Krefeld won by Georg Kieninger and Ludwig Engels, start 6 April 1939.
- Bad Warmbrunn won by Rudolf Keller, Paul Michel and Ludwig Rellstab, start 7 April 1939.
- Aberdeen (the Scottish Chess Championship), won by Max Pavey, April 1939.
- Margate won by Paul Keres ahead of José Raúl Capablanca and Flohr, 12–21 April 1939.
- Leningrad (the 11th USSR Chess Championship), won by Mikhail Botvinnik ahead of Alexander Kotov, April 15 - May 16, 1939.
- Stuttgart (Europa-Turnier) won by Bogoljubow ahead of Kurt Richter, start 15 May 1939.
- Montreux (the Swiss Chess Championship), won by Henri Grob.
- Paris won by Nicolas Rossolimo ahead of Savielly Tartakower.
- Rome (the Italian Chess Championship), won by Mario Monticelli ahead of Vincenzo Castaldi.
- Zagreb (the Yugoslav Chess Championship), won by Milan Vidmar ahead of Vasilije Tomović.
- Prague won by Jiří Pelikán ahead of Karel Opočenský, František Schubert and Karel Skalička.
- Buenos Aires (the Argentine Chess Championship, Torneo Mayor), won by Ion Traian Iliescu followed jointly by Carlos Maderna, Luis Piazzini, and José Gerschman.
- London (Championship of the City), won by George Alan Thomas.
- London (League Congress), won by William Winter.
- Durban (the South African Chess Championship) won by Wolfgang Heidenfeld.
- Oslo (the 19th Nordic Chess Championship), won by Ståhlberg and Erik Lundin.
- Helsinki (the Finnish Chess Championship), won by Osmo Kaila.
- Copenhagen (the Danish Chess Championship, play-off), won by Holger Norman-Hansen.
- Stockholm (the Swedish Chess Championship), won by Ståhlberg ahead of Rudolf Spielmann and Nils Bergkvist.
- Gothenburg won by Flohr and Spielmann.
- Tallinn (the Estonian Chess Championship), won by Ilmar Raud.
- Jerusalem (Championship of the City), won by Moshe Czerniak, June 1939.
- Berlin (the Berlin City Chess Championship), won by Mölbitz ahead of Paul Mross, June 1939.
- Bad Elster won by Erich Eliskases followed by Josef Lokvenc, Herbert Heinicke and Michel, start 4 June 1939.
- Vienna won by Eliskases ahead of Hans Müller, start 11 June 1939.
- Bad Harzburg won by Eliskases ahead of Ståhlberg, start 25 June 1939.
- Bad Oeynhausen (the 6th German Chess Championship), won by Eliskases followed by Lokvenc, Karl Gilg, etc., start 9 July 1939.
- Ventnor City won by Milton Hanauer ahead of Fred Reinfeld, 8–16 July 1939.
- New York City (the 40th U.S. Open, American Chess Federation Championship), won by Reuben Fine followed by Reshevsky, Israel Albert Horowitz, etc., 17–29 July 1939.
- Bournemouth won by Max Euwe ahead of Ernest Klein and Flohr, August 1939.
- Rosario won by Petrovs, followed by Eliskases, Vladas Mikėnas, etc., 21–28 September 1939.
- Montevideo (Millington Drake Tournament) won by Alexander Alekhine ahead of Harry Golombek and Vera Menchik, 21–29 September 1939.
- Buenos Aires (Circulo) won by Keres and Miguel Najdorf, ahead of Ståhlberg and Czerniak, 2–19 October 1939.
- New York City (the 23rd Marshall Chess Club Championship), won by Fine followed by Hanauer, Frank James Marshall, David Polland, Herbert Seidman, Edward Lasker, etc.
- Hampstead won by Imre König and Philip Stuart Milner-Barry, December 1939.
- Dnipropetrovsk (the 11th Ukrainian Chess Championship), won by Isaac Boleslavsky, 12–31 December 1939.
- Moscow (the Moscow City Chess Championship), won by Andor Lilienthal ahead of Vasily Panov and Vasily Smyslov, 1939/40.
- Hastings International Chess Congress won by Frank Parr, 1939/40.
## Matches
- Erich Eliskases defeated Efim Bogoljubow (11.5 : 8.5) in Germany (various places), January 1939.
- Sonja Graf beat Fenny Heemskerk (4 : 0) in Amsterdam.
- Sonja Graf beat Catharina Roodzant (3 : 1) in Rotterdam.[5]
- Salo Landau drew with Theo van Scheltinga (5 : 5) in Amsterdam.
- Salo Landau drew with László Szabó (5 : 5) in Amsterdam.[6]
- Max Euwe beat Salo Landau (7.5 : 2.5) in Rotterdam, Utrecht, The Hague.
- Roberto Grau defeated Carlos Guimard (7.5 : 5.5) in La Plata, Argentina (the 17th ARG-ch).[7]
- Octavio Trompowsky beat Walter Cruz (5.5 : 2.5) in Rio de Janeiro (BRA-ch).[8]
- Paul Keres won against Max Euwe (7.5 : 6.5) in The Netherlands (various places) in 1939/40.[9]
## Team matches
- 15–16 April, Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary), Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia: Germany vs. Hungary 26½-13½ (13½-6½, 13-7)
(Eliskases 1½ Barcza; Bogoljubow 11 E.Steiner; Kieninger ½½ Rethy; Gilg ½1 Vajda; P.Michel 1½ Szily; Rellstab 1½ Tipary; Richter 11 Füster; Heinicke 1½ Törok; Kohler ½½ Balla; A.Becker ½1 Negyessi; Zollner 00 Balogh; L.Schmitt ½1 Sarközy; Lokvenc 1½ St. Gecsei; Schlage ½0 Sebestyen; Blümich ½½ Bakonyi; Hahn 1½ Sooky; R.Keller ½½ Laszlo; Krassnig ½1 Szentkiralyi-Toth; Platt ½1 Vargha; H.Keller ½1 Rög)
- 28–29 May, The Hague: Netherlands vs. England 10-10 (4½-5½, 5½-4½)
(Euwe 0½ Alexander; Landau 10 Thomas; Van den Bosch 1½ Milner-Barry; Cortlever 00 Broadbent; Van Scheltinga ½½ Golombek; G.S.Fontein 0½ Winter; De Groot ½1 E.G.Sergeant; Muhring 11 B.H.Wood; Mulder 0½ Parr; J.H.C.Fontein ½1 Lenton)
## Births
- 7 January – Ivan Radulov in Burgas, Hungarian GM
- 29 January – Hans-Joachim Hecht in Luckenwalde, German GM, two-time German Champion
- 29 January – Li Shongjian, Chinese chess player
- 1 March – Leroy Dubeck in Orange, New Jersey, President of the United States Chess Federation (1969–1972)
- 14 March – Stewart Reuben, British chess player, organiser, and arbiter
- 1 June – Yaacov Bernstein, Israeli chess player
- 27 August – Tüdeviin Üitümen, Mongolian IM
- 15 November – Charles Kalme in Riga, American IM
## Deaths
- 1939 - Katarina Beskow-Froeken died in Sweden. Women's World Sub-Champion in 1927.
- 1939 - Iosif Januschpolski (Yanushpolsky) died.
- 2 February 1939 - Bernhard Gregory died in Berlin, Germany.
- 8 February 1939 - Salomon Langleben died in Warsaw, Poland.
- 11 February 1939 - Jan Kvíčala died in Czecho-Slovakia.
- 28 May 1939 - Hans Fahrni died in Ostermundingen, Switzerland. 1st to play 100 simultaneously, 1911.
- 7 August 1939 - Paul Krüger died in Germany.
- August 1939 - Alexei Alekhine killed by NKVD in the Soviet Union.
- September 1939 - Jan Kleczyński, Jr. died of a heart attack during a bombing of Warsaw (World War II).
- September 1939 - Karol Piltz died during the siege of Warsaw.
- after 17 September 1939 - Kalikst Morawski died during the Soviet occupation of Lvov.
- 26 September 1939 - Ottó Bláthy died in Budapest. Created longest problem, 290 moves.
- 4 October 1939 - Ludvig Collijn died in Stockholm. President of the Swedish Chess Association from 1917 to 1939.
|
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2
] | 91
| 0
| 1
|
# 12 Love Stories
12 Love Stories is an album released by Japanese rapper Dohzi-T. The album came in 2 versions: CD only and CD+DVD. The CD+DVD (named 12 Love Stories -Sweet Love Box-) was a limited edition containing 2 promotional videos. This was the first album from Dohzi-T to chart in the top 10 on the Oricon Chart and selling over 200,000 copies. All the songs in the album have the same theme: love. This album contains a lot of collaborations with various artists. The album had as single release "Mō Ichi do..." which was a long charting hit selling over 80,000 copies. This album is ranked as #55 on the yearly Oricon chart.
## Track listing
### CD Track listing
1. Mō Ichido... feat. BENI (もう一度...; Once More)
2. better days feat. Miliyah Kato, Tanaka Roma
3. Yakusoku no Hi feat. Thelma Aoyama (約束の日; Day of Promise)
4. ONE LOVE feat. Shota Shimizu
5. Negai feat. YU-A/Foxxi misQ (願い ;Wish)
6. AINOKACHI feat. KREVA
7. Good Night
8. In-mail feat. JUJU
9. Minori aru Jinsei o (実りある人生を; Fruitful Life)
10. Hikaru Mirai feat. Miliyah Kato (光る未来; Shiny future)
11. Ai ni Ikō (会いにいこう; I'll be seeing)
12. summer days feat. BENI<08'ver>
-Bonus Track-
1. Kimi Dake o-remix-/Hiromi Go feat.童子-T (君だけを; For you)
### DVD Track listing
1. Mou Ichi do... feat BENI PV
2. Yakusoku no Hi feat. Thelma Aoyama PV
|
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] | 92
| 0
| 1
|
# 1656 in Norway
Events in the year 1656 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Frederick III.[1]
## Events
- 27 February - The first Lindesnes Lighthouse was established, it was the first lighthouse in Norway.[2]
- Niels Trolle is appointed Steward of Norway.
## Arts and literature
- Halsnøy Kloster, a prospect of Halsnøy Abbey was painted by Elias Fiigenschoug, it is regarded as the first Norwegian landscape painting.[3]
- The construction of Austrått Manor is finished..
## Births
### Full date unknown
- Hans Paus, priest and poet (d.1715).[4]
## Deaths
### Full date unknown
- Kristoffer Nieslen Tønder, Baliff of Austråt. (b.1587).
|
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] | 93
| 0
| 1
|
# 1773 in Sweden
Events from the year 1773 in Sweden
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Gustav III
## Events
- January 18 – The first opera performance in the Swedish language, Thetis et Pelée, performed by Carl Stenborg and Elisabeth Olin in Bollhuset, marks the establishment of the Royal Swedish Opera.[1]
- August – Inauguration of the pleasure gardens Vauxhall (Gotheburg).
- The Royal Swedish Ballet is founded.
- The title Hovsångare is created by King Gustav III of Sweden, with the first recipients being Elisabeth Olin and Carl Stenborg.
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts is formally organized. Fifteen artists are accepted as members the same year, among them being Lorens Pasch the Younger and Ulrika Pasch.
- A theater designed by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz is constructed for the royal court at Gripsholm Castle.
- The population death rate doubles[2] and the Child mortality rate rose to 49% in of newborns under the age of five,[3] due to famine and dysentery caused by crop failures in the previous years.[4]
- Mobilization of the army in the province of Finland because of a feared attack from the Empire of Russia.
- De nymodiga fruntimren by Catharina Ahlgren.
## Births
- 9 December - Marianne Ehrenström, culture personality and multiple artist, member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (died 1867)
- - Inga Åberg, opera singer and stage actress (died 1837)
## Deaths
- - Beata Sabina Straas, actress (born unknown date)
|
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| 0
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# 135th Motor Rifle Division
The 135th Motor Rifle Division was a mechanized infantry division of the Soviet Army during the Cold War. The division was formed in 1960 as a mobilization division in Luhansk. It became a regular division in 1968 and was transferred to Lesozavodsk. In 1989, it was renamed the 130th Machine Gun Artillery Division (Military Unit Number 92910) and continued to serve in the Russian Ground Forces. It was reduced to the 245th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base in 2009.
## History
On 22 November 1960, the 135th Motor Rifle Division was activated as a mobilization division in Luhansk. It was co-located with the 4th Guards Motor Rifle Division. In April 1968, the division became a regular unit and was transferred to Lesozavodsk as a result of increased Sino-Soviet tensions.
The division's 199th Motor Rifle Regiment fought in the Damansky Island incident in March 1969 during the Sino-Soviet border conflict, when they were sent into the fight on 15 March to prevent Chinese capture of the island. The 199th had already been deployed ostensibly for exercises at the end of February 1969 as the conflict escalated and on March 2 was ordered to advance to Damansky Island. As the Chinese threaten to overwhelm the border guards, the regiment was committed to battle on 15 March. The 199th remained on the border until the end of March and departed only after the Chinese incursion attempts had ceased. Junior sergeant Vladimir Orekhov of the regiment's 5th company was posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union for his actions in the battle. The conflict was classified as a border conflict and the participation of the regular Soviet Army in it kept secret until the 1990s, and thus Army soldiers who participated did not automatically receive veteran status.
During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 65% strength. On 1 October 1989, the division became the 130th Machine Gun Artillery Division. The 199th Motorized Rifle Regiment was disbanded and replaced by the 365th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment. In 1994, the 365th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment became the 199th Motorized Rifle Regiment. The division was reduced to the 245th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base under the 2009 Russian military reforms. The base stores equipment planned to be used to form the 93rd Motor Rifle Brigade in event of mobilization. According to 2017 open-source data from milkavkaz, the storage base contains 18 BM-21 Grad, 36 152mm 2S1 Gvozdika, 18 120 mm 2S12 Sani, six 100 mm MT-12 Rapira, 18 9P149 Shturm-S, six BM 9A34(35) Strela-10, 18 57 mm AZP S-60, six ZSU-23-4 Shilka, and 41 T-72.
## Composition
In 1988, the 135th Motor Rifle Division was composed of the following units.
- 199th Motorized Rifle Regiment (Lazo)
- 469th Motorized Rifle Regiment (Filino, Primorskiy Kray)
- 472nd Motorized Rifle Regiment (Lesozavodsk, Primorskiy Kray)
- 122nd Tank Regiment (Koltsevoye, Primorskiy Kray)
- 378th Artillery Regiment (Panteleymonovka, Primorskiy Kray)
- 1135th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Koltsevoye, Primorskiy Kray)
- 17th Separate Missile Battalion (Panteleymonovka, Primorskiy Kray)
- 81st Separate Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion (Panteleymonovka, Primorskiy Kray)
- 131st Separate Reconnaissance Battalion (Lazo, Primorskiy Kray)
- 225th Separate Engineer-Sapper Battalion (Lazo, Primorskiy Kray)
- 354th Separate Communications Battalion (Lesozavodsk, Primorskiy Kray)
- 366th Separate Chemical Defence Company (Panteleymonovka, Primorskiy Kray)
- 204th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion (Panteleymonovka, Primorskiy Kray)
- 201st Separate Medical Battalion (Koltsevoye, Primorskiy Kray)
- 1136th Separate Material Supply Battalion (Panteleymonovka, Primorskiy Kray)
|
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2
] | 95
| 0
| 1
|
# 1820s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1820–1829 to Wales and its people.
## Arts and literature
### New books
- John Elias – Golygiad Ysgrythurol ar Gyfiawnhad Pechadur (1821)
- Felicia Hemans – The Forest Sanctuary (1825)
- Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) – An Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of the Present Inhabitants of Britain (1829)
- David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr) – Cywydd y Dilyw (1821)
### Music
- John Ellis – Eliot (hymn tune) (1823)
- Edward Jones – Hen Ganiadau Cymru (1820)
- Peroriaeth Hyfryd (collection of hymns including Caersalem by Robert Edwards) (1827)
- Seren Gomer (collection of hymns including Grongar by John Edwards) (1824)
## Births
- 1820
- 21 May – Sir Thomas Lloyd, 1st Baronet, politician and landowner (d. 1877)
- 1821
- 24 June – Guillermo Rawson, Argentinian politician (d. 1890)
- 16 July – John Jones (Mathetes), preacher and writer (d. 1878)
- 1822
- 2 March – Michael D. Jones, Patagonian settler (d. 1898)
- 1823
- 8 January – Alfred Russel Wallace, biologist (d. 1913)
- March – Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn), poet and archdruid (d. 1905)
- 23 November – Sir John Evans, archaeologist (d. 1908)
- 1824
- date unknown – John Basson Humffray, political reformer in Australia (d. 1891)
- 1825
- 7 June – R. D. Blackmore, novelist (d. 1900)
- 1826
- 13 January – Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff (d. 1913)
- 1 March – John Thomas, harpist (d. 1913)
- 8 May – George Osborne Morgan, lawyer (d. 1897)
- 11 May – David Charles Davies, Nonconformist leader (d. 1891)
- 1827
- 27 October – Joseph Tudor Hughes (Blegwryd), harp prodigy (d. 1841)
- 1828
- 30 January – John David Jenkins, philanthropist (d. 1876)
- 1829
- 27 January – Isaac Roberts, astronomer (d. 1904)
## Deaths
- 1820
- 29 January – King George III of the United Kingdom, Prince of Wales 1751–1760
- 16 June – Thomas Jones of Denbigh, Methodist preacher and writer (b. 1756)
- 27 June – William Lort Mansel, bishop and academic (b. 1753)
- 23 August – John Randles, harpist (b. 1763)
- 28 August – Henry Mills, musician (b. 1757)
- 1821
- 2 May – Hester Thrale, diarist (b. 1741)
- 7 August – Caroline of Brunswick, former Princess of Wales (1795–1820), 53
- 1822
- 30 March – David Thomas (Dafydd Ddu Eryri), poet (b. 1759)
- date unknown – Stephen Kemble, actor, brother of Sarah Siddons (b. 1758)
- 1823
- 26 February – John Philip Kemble, actor, brother of Sarah Siddons (b. 1757)
- 1825
- 24 February – Thomas Bowdler, editor (b. 1754)
- 9 June – Abraham Rees, encyclopaedist (b. 1743)
- 10 August – Joseph Harris (Gomer), Baptist minister, poet and editor (b. 1773)
- 1827
- date unknown – Helen Maria Williams, novelist and poet (b. c. 1761)
- 1828
- September – William Madocks, landowner
- 1829
- 26 January – Benjamin Millingchamp, collector of manuscripts (b. 1756)
- June – Elizabeth Randles, harpist (b. 1801)
|
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