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# 10th Tank Corps The 10th Tank Corps was a tank corps of the Red Army, formed twice. ## First Formation In May–June 1938, the 7th Mechanized Corps headquarters was relocated from Novy Petergof to Luga and converted into the 10th Tank Corps when the Red Army mechanized forces transitioned from a mechanized corps structure to a tank corps structure. On 4 August 1938, the 107th Separate Air Liaison Flight was formed as part of the corps at Luga. On 27 September 1939, the corps was relocated to the Pskov area on the Estonian border, to back up threats of force against that country. On 2 October it was moved to the Latvian border to threaten Latvia as well. Both of these movements were made to force the two Baltic states into signing the Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty and the Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty, respectively, which established Soviet military bases on the territory of both countries. On 10 October, the 18th Light Tank Brigade was transferred to another unit and replaced by the 1st Light Tank Brigade. The corps' other brigades were the 13th Light Tank Brigade and the 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade. On 13 October the corps was transferred back to the Leningrad Military District from the 8th Army and returned to Luga. By 30 November, in preparation for the Winter War, the Soviet attack on Finland, the 10th was relocated to the Finnish border as part of the 7th Army. On 30 November, the corps crossed the border at the beginning of the invasion, with its headquarters in the Korkiamyaki area, then at Rautu and Liipua. Between 13 and 16 December the 10th Tank Corps was transferred to advance towards Vyborg, concentrating in the Baboshino area. Its units were pulled out of combat and moved to Baboshin, with the headquarters at Tomilla by 20 December. The Red Army command considered the performance of the large tank corps to be unsatisfactory and ordered all of them, including the 10th, disbanded in January 1940 by an order dated 17 January. The corps headquarters was moved to Kingisepp to be used to form an army group under the command of Dmitry Pavlov. ## Second Formation The corps was reformed in April 1942 and was part of Steppe Front for the Battle of Kursk. Fatyh Zaripovich Sharipov appears to have won the Hero of the Soviet Union while operating with the corps. 10th Tank Corps was subsequently assigned to the 5th Guards Tank Army, but by April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin, the 10th Tank Corps was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK). It comprised the 178th, 183rd, and 186th Tank Brigades, and the 11th Motor Rifle Brigade. It should not be confused with 30th Tank Corps, which became 10th Guards Tank Corps. Postwar it became the 10th Tank Division. On 30 April 1957, it became the 34th Heavy Tank Division. In March 1965, it became the 34th Tank Division. On 20 March 1992, it was taken over by Belarus. The division became the 34th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, part of North Western Operational Command.
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# 1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition In 1114, an expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim taifa, was launched in the form of a Crusade. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade. The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan Liber maiolichinus, completed by 1125. ## Treaty and preparations In 1085 Pope Gregory VII had granted suzerainty over the Balearics to Pisa. In September 1113 a Pisan fleet making an expedition to Majorca was put off course by a storm and ended up near Blanes on the coast of Catalonia, which they initially mistook for the Balearics. The Pisans met with the Count of Barcelona in the port of Sant Feliu de Guíxols, where on 7 September they signed a treaty causa corroborandae societatis et amicitiae ('for strengthening [their] alliance and friendship'). Specifically the Pisans were exempted from the usagium and the jus naufragii in all the territories, present and future, of the Count of Barcelona, though Arles and Saint-Gilles, in the recently acquired March of Provence, were singled out for special mention (three times). The only surviving copy of the treaty between Pisa and Barcelona is found interpolated in a charter of James I granted to Pisa in 1233. It affirms that the meeting was unplanned and apparently arranged by God. Some scholars have expressed doubt about the lack of preparation, citing the Catalans' rapid response to the presence of the Pisans as evidence of some previous contact. The attribution of the meeting to Providence alone may have been concocted to add an "aura of sacredness" to the alliance and the crusade. The treaty, or what survives of it, does not refer to military cooperation or a venture against Majorca; perhaps that agreement was oral, or perhaps its record has been lost, but a Crusade was planned for 1114. The chief goal was the freeing of Christian captives and the suppression of Muslim piracy. Most of the Pisan fleet returned to Pisa, but some ships damaged by the storm remained to be repaired and some men remained behind to construct siege engines. In the spring of 1114 a new fleet of eighty ships arrived from Pisa, following the French coast, briefly staying at Marseille. The fleet brought with it Cardinal Bosone, an envoy from Paschal II, who vigorously supported the expedition, authorising it in a bull as early as 1113. Paschal had also granted the Pisans the Romana signa, sedis apostolicae vexillum ("Roman standard, the flag of the apostolic see"), and his appeals for the expedition had borne fruit. Besides the 300 ships of the Pisan contingent, there were 120 Catalan and Occitan vessels (plus a large army), contingents from the Italian cities of Florence, Lucca, Pistoia, Rome, Siena, and Volterra, and from Sardinia and Corsica under Saltaro, the son of Constantine I of Logudoro. Among the Catalan princes there were Ramon Berenguer, Hug II of Empúries, and Ramon Folc II of Cardona. The most important lords of Occitania participated, with the exception of the Count of Toulouse, Alfonso Jordan: William V of Montpellier, with twenty ships; Aimeric II of Narbonne, with twenty ships; and Raymond I of Baux, with seven ships. Bernard Ato IV, the chief of the Trencavel family, also participated. Ramon Berenguer and his wife, Douce, borrowed 100 morabatins from the Ramon Guillem, the Bishop of Barcelona, to finance the expedition. ## Conquest and loss The combined Crusader fleet raided Ibiza in June, and destroyed its defences, since Ibiza lay between Majorca and the mainland and would have posed a continued threat during a siege. The Liber maiolichinus also records the taking of captives, who were trying to hide in careae (probably caves), on Formentera. Ibiza was under Crusader control by August. The Crusaders invested Palma de Majorca in August 1114. As the siege dragged on the counts of Barcelona and Empúries entered into peace negotiations with the Muslim ruler of Majorca, but the cardinal and Pietro Moriconi, the Archbishop of Pisa, interfered to put an end to the discussions. Probably the Catalan rulers, whose lands lay nearest the Balearics, expected an annual payment of parias (tribute) from the Muslims and the cessation of pirate raids in return for lifting the siege. Muslim reinforcements, Almoravids from the Iberian port of Denia, surprised a Pisan flotilla of six in the waters off Ibiza, with only two of the Pisan vessels making it to safety, which consisted of the remains of a fortress burned by the king of Norway a decade earlier. In April 1115 the city capitulated and its entire population was enslaved. This victory was followed by the capture of most of the Balearics' major settlements and the freeing of most captive Christians on the islands. The independent Muslim taifa ruler was taken back to Pisa a captive. The greatest victory, however, was the annihilation of Majorcan piracy. The conquest of the Balearics lasted no more than a few months. In 1115 they were reconquered by the Almoravids of peninsular Iberia.
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# 11665 Dirichlet 11665 Dirichlet, provisional designation 1997 GL28, is a Griqua asteroid and a 2:1 Jupiter librator from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.8 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 April 1997, by astronomer Paul Comba at the Prescott Observatory in Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. ## Orbit and classification Dirichlet is a Griqua asteroid, a small dynamical group of asteroids located in the otherwise sparsely populated Hecuba gap (2:1 resonance with Jupiter), which is one of the largest Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 11 months (2,169 days; semi-major axis of 3.28 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in October 1994. ## Naming This minor planet was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859), who was the successor of Carl Friedrich Gauss and the predecessor of Bernhard Riemann at the University of Göttingen. His contributions include the first rigorous proof that the Fourier series converges. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 November 1999 (M.P.C. 36951). ## Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dirichlet measures 6.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.09. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Dirichlet has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
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# 1159 Granada 1159 Granada, provisional designation 1929 RD, is a dark background asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the Spanish city and province of Granada. ## Orbit and classification Granada is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins nine days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg. ## Physical characteristics Although Granada is an assumed S-type asteroid, it has a notably low albedo (see below) for an asteroid of the inner main-belt, even below that of most carbonaceous asteroids. ### Slow rotation In September 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Granada was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 72.852 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Granada's period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours measures for most asteroids. ### Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Granada measures between 27.839 and 34.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.028 and 0.0471. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 29.94 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.63. ## Naming This minor planet was named after Granada, city and province in Andalusia in southern. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).
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# 119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment The 119th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ## Service The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beginning August 5, 1862 and mustered in August 15, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Peter Clarkson Ellmaker. The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, and Army of the Shenandoah to June 1865. The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out on June 19, 1865. ## Detailed service Moved to Washington, D.C., August 31 – September 1. Duty in the defenses of Washington until October. Duty at Hagerstown, Md., until October 29, 1862. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29 – November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12–15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20–24, 1863. At White Oak Church until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 – May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29 – May 2. Bernard House April 29. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3–4. Banks' Ford May 4. Gettysburg Campaign June 13 – July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 2–4. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. At and near Funkstown, Md., July 10–13. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26 – December 2. Duty near Brandy Station until May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4 – June 12. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–12. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 17–18. Weldon. Railroad June 22–23. Siege of Petersburg until July 9. Moved to Washington, D. C, July 9–11. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11–12. Pursuit of Early July 14–22. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Demonstration on Gilbert's Ford, Opequan, September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Moved to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 – April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army, Moved to Danville April 23–27, and duty there until May 23. Moved to Richmond, then to Washington May 23 – June 3. Corps review June 8. ## Casualties The regiment lost a total of 213 men during service; 9 officers and 132 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 71 enlisted men died of disease. ## Commanders - Colonel Peter Clarkson Ellmaker – resigned January 12, 1864 - Lieutenant Colonel Gideon Clark – commanded the regiment following Col Ellmaker's resignation until muster out
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# 120s The 120s was a decade that ran from January 1, AD 120, to December 31, AD 129. During this decade, the Roman Empire was ruled by Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138). In the prior decade, he had succeeded Emperor Trajan, who had expanded the empire to its greatest extent. Hadrian, in contrast, adopted a more defensive foreign policy, focusing on consolidating the empire's borders and improving its infrastructure, such as Hadrian's Wall in Britain. There was almost a renewed war with Parthia, but the threat was averted when Hadrian succeeded in negotiating a peace in 123 (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed). Furthermore, Hadrian enacted, through the jurist Salvius Julianus, the first attempt to codify Roman law. This was the Perpetual Edict, according to which the legal actions of praetors became fixed statutes and, as such, could no longer be subjected to personal interpretation or change by any magistrate other than the Emperor. The Chinese Eastern Han dynasty saw the death of regent Deng Sui in 121, after which Emperor An took on the reins of the imperial administration. In 121, there were again Qiang and Xianbei rebellions, which would continue to plague Emperor An for the rest of his reign. The only border where there were Han accomplishments during Emperor An's reign was on the northwestern front—the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia)—where Ban Chao's son Ban Yong (班勇) was able to reestablish Han dominance over a number of kingdoms. Emperor An was succeeded by Marquess of Beixiang in 125, who reigned for a short time before being succeeded by Emperor Shun of Han that same year. At the start of Emperor Shun's reign, the people were hopeful that he would reform the political situation from the pervasive corruption under the Yans. However, the teenage emperor proved to be a kind but weak ruler. While he trusted certain honest officials, he also trusted many corrupt eunuchs, who quickly grabbed power. ## Events ### 120 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - Emperor Hadrian visits Britain. - Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain. - A Kushan ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian. - Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis. - Approximate date - Legio IX Hispana last known to be in existence. - The Market Gate of Miletus is built at Miletos (moved in modern times to Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung). ###### Asia - Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty. - The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujarat and a portion of central India. ### 121 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - Roman settlement in present-day Wiesbaden, Germany, is first mentioned. - Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia, on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth. - Construction of the Temple of Venus and Roma begins in Rome. ###### Asia - Era name changes from Yongning (2nd year) to Jianguang in the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.(Needs clarification or deletion) ### 122 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.[4] - Vindolanda, a Roman auxiliary fort (castrum) in northern England, is garrisoned by cohort VIII Batavorum. - September 13 – The building of Hadrian's Wall begins. - Hadrian gives up the territories conquered in Scotland. ###### Asia - Change of era name from Jianguang (2nd year) to Yanguang of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty. ### 123 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).[5] - Housesteads Fort is constructed on Hadrian's Wall north of Bardon Mill. - Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built. - The Temple of Al-Lat in Palmyra is dedicated somewhere between this year and 164 AD. ###### Asia - In China, Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao, reestablishes the Chinese control over the Tarim Basin. - The Chinese government establishes Aide of the Western Regions over the Tarim Basin. ###### Africa - Hadrian leads a punitive campaign against Berbers who had been raiding Roman towns in Roman Mauretania.[6] #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences - Chinese scientist Zhang Heng corrects the calendar to bring it into line with the four seasons. ### 124 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - January 1 – Gaius Bellicius Torquatus and Manius Acilius Glabrio begin the year as the new consuls, but the two are replaced in April. - May – Aulus Larcius Macedo, the former Governor of Galatia; and Publius Ducenius Verres take office for four month as the suffect consuls to succeed Bellicius and Glabrio, and serve until the end of August. - September – Gaius Valerius Severus and Gaius Julius Gallus replace consuls Larcius and Ducenius and serve until the end of the year. - Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens. - Antinous becomes Hadrian's beloved companion on his journeys through the Roman Empire. - During a voyage to Greece, Hadrian is initiated in the ancient rites known as the Eleusinian Mysteries. ###### Asia - In northern India, Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas. ### 125 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - The Pantheon is constructed (in Rome) as it stands today, by Hadrian. - Emperor Hadrian establishes the Panhellenion. (in 131-32) - Hadrian distributes imperial lands to small farmers.[citation needed] - Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, starts to be built (approximate date). ###### Africa - Plague sweeps North Africa in the wake of a locust invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned. (or was it around 125 BC[7]) ###### Asia - Last (4th) year of the Yanguang era of the Chinese Han dynasty. - Change of emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from Han Andi to Marquis of Beixiang, then to Han Shundi. - Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He then controls central India from coast to coast. - Zhang Heng of Han dynasty China invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere. - The epoch of the Javanese calendar begins.[citation needed] #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences - The Satires of Juvenal intimate that bread and circuses (panem et circenses) keep the Roman people happy. ###### Religion - Pope Telesphorus succeeds Pope Sixtus I as the eighth pope according to Roman Catholic tradition. ### 126 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - The old Pantheon is demolished by Emperor Hadrian, and the construction of a new one begins (its date is uncertain, because Hadrian chooses not to inscribe the temple). ###### Asia - First year of the Yongjian era of the Chinese Han dynasty. ### 127 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome, after a seven-year voyage to the Roman provinces. - Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Gaius Minicius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial. ###### India - Kanishka I starts to rule in the Kushan Empire (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion - The philosopher Carpocrates rejects ownership of private property as being un-Christian. ### 128 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III Augusta stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons, the legionnaires are located in the Aurès Mountains. - Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, with about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks. - Roman agriculture declines, as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm, and forcing many farmers off the land. - Roman bakeries produce dozens of bread varieties, and the Romans distribute free bread for the poor. - Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt. ###### Asia - King Gaeru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula (until 166).[8] #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences - The fossils of large prehistoric animals are discovered in Dalmatia. - The Pantheon in Rome is finished. ### 129 #### By place ###### Roman Empire - A defense for Numidia is constructed at Lambaesis by Legio III Augusta. - Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria. #### By topic ###### Songs - The song "Angel's Hymn" is made.[9] ###### Religion - Change of Patriarch of Constantinople, from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius. ## Significant people - Hadrian, Roman Emperor (117–138) ## Births 120 - February 8 – Vettius Valens, Greek astrologer (d. 175) - Irenaeus, Greek bishop and apologist (approximate date) - Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist (approximate date) - Tatian, Syrian Christian writer and theologian (d. 180) 121 - April 26 – Marcus Annius Verus, later Emperor Marcus Aurelius (d. 180) 123 - Annia Cornificia Faustina, sister of Marcus Aurelius (d. 158) 124 - Apuleius, Numidian novelist, writer, public speaker (approximate date)[10] 125 - Aulus Gellius, Roman author and grammarian (approximate date) - Lucian, Syrian satirist and rhetorician (approximate date) - Lucius Ferenius, Dutch potter in Heerlen (approximate date) - Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, Roman politician (d. 193) 126 - August 1 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (d. 193)[11] - Lu Kang, Chinese politician and prefect (d. 195) 127 - Zheng Xuan, Chinese politician, philosopher (d. 200)[12] 128 - Xun Shuang, Chinese politician and writer (d. 190)[13] 129 - Chen Ji, Chinese official, chancellor (d. 199) - Galen, Greek physician, anatomist (d. c. 200/216) - Liu Hong, Chinese official, astronomer (d. 210) ## Deaths 120 - Ban Zhao, Chinese historian and philosopher (b. AD 49) - Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian (approximate date) - Faustinus and Jovita, Roman Christian martyrs - Getulius, Roman officer and Christian martyr - Hermes, Greek Christian martyr and saint - Marcian of Tortona, Roman bishop (or 117) - Matthias of Jerusalem, bishop of Jerusalem - Nicomachus, Greek mathematician (b. AD 60) - Plutarch, Greek philosopher (approximate date) - Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist (b. AD 50) - Tacitus, Roman historian[14] 121 - Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of paper and the papermaking process (b. AD 50)[15] - Deng Sui, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. AD 81)[16] - Eleutherius and Antia, Roman Christian martyrs and saints 124 - Marcus Annius Verus, father of Marcus Aurelius - Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians (approximate date) - Sixtus I, bishop of Rome according to Roman Catholic tradition (possible date)[17] 125 - April 30 – An of Han, Chinese emperor (b. AD 94) - December 10 – Shao (or Liu Yi), Chinese emperor - Servius Sulpicius Similis, Roman governor - Thamel, Roman Christian priest and martyr[18] 126 - Domitia Longina, Roman empress (b. c. 53 AD) - Yan Ji (or Ansi), Chinese empress 127 - Juvenal, Roman poet (approximate year)[19] - Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (b. AD 46)[20] - Publius Metilius Nepos, Roman politician (b. AD 45) 128 - Giru of Baekje, Korean ruler[8] 129 - June 19 – Justus of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch - King Osroes I of the Parthian Empire
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# 12 Lacertae 12 Lacertae is a wide binary star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, located roughly 1,260 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.23. The system is drifting closer to the Earth with a mean heliocentric radial velocity of –12.5. It is a probable member of the I Lacertae OB association (Lac OB1). The primary component is a Beta Cephei variable with a stellar classification of B1.5III, matching a B-type star with the luminosity class of a giant star. It has been known to be variable for more than a century and has been extensively studied. The variable radial velocity of the star was discovered by W. S. Adams in 1912, and the light variations were established by 1919. The pulsational nature of the variability was shown by P. Ledoux in 1951, which led to one of the first world-wide observing campaigns with the star as its target. Dutch mathematician F. J. M. Barning analyzed the resulting data in 1963 and found four separate cycles of variation. By 1994, six periods had been confirmed. The variable star designation of the primary is DD Lacertae, while 12 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. In general terms it varies in magnitude from 5.16 down to 5.28 with a period of 4.63 hours. As many as eleven different frequencies have been detected, with the dominant cycle showing a frequency of 5.179034 cycles per day. Curiously, three of the frequencies form an equally-spaced triplet with cycles of 5.179, 5.334, and 5.490 per day, although this alignment appears to be a coincidence. It is a hybrid pulsator, showing mixed behaviors of a Beta Cephei variable and a slowly pulsating B-type star. The primary is a massive star, having 9.5 times the mass of the Sun and an age of only 22 million years old. It has about 8.4 times the girth of the Sun. The averaged quadratic field strength of the surface magnetic field is (2,352.3±1,604.9)×10−4 T. It is radiating 8,877 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 23,809 K. The estimated rotational velocity of the primary at the equator is 52±5 km/s; about 10% of its break-up velocity. However, seismic models suggest the core region is rotating much more rapidly with a rotational velocity of up to 100 km/s, and thus the star is undergoing differential rotation. The companion is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3V and visual magnitude 9.2. As of 2008, it had an angular separation of 69″ from the primary. There is a faint infrared nebulosity at a separation of 0.6 light-years from the pair that is most likely a bow shock.
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# 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment The 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 23 and September 29, 1864, during the American Civil War. ## Service The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 23, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twenty-eight men to disease. ## Bibliography - Dyer, Frederick H. (1959). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. New York and London. Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher. LCCN 59-12963.
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# 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment The 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 6 and September 28, 1864, during the American Civil War. ## Service The regiment was organized at Mattoon, Illinois, with a strength of 852 men, and mustered in for one-hundred-day service on June 6, 1864. On June 10, the regiment departed for Benton Barracks, Missouri, where they reported to General William Rosecrans. From there five companies of the regiment were stationed on the Iron Mountain railroad. Three companies of the regiment were stationed at the Gasconade railroad crossing and a further two companies stationed at the Osage railroad crossing of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and at Jefferson City, Missouri. The regiment was mustered out on September 28, 1864. During its service the regiment lost one man at Gasconade crossing and sixteen men to disease.
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# 1420 in Ireland Events from the year 1420 in Ireland. ## Incumbent - Lord: Henry V ## Events - Luttrellstown Castle was completed. ## Births - 24 November – James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant (d. 1461)[1] ## Deaths - Giolla na Naomh O hUidhrin, Irish historian and poet - Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond
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# 141st meridian west Download coordinates as: - KML - GPX (all coordinates) - GPX (primary coordinates) - GPX (secondary coordinates) The meridian 141° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 141st meridian west forms a great circle with the 39th meridian east. Most of the border between Alaska, United States and Yukon, Canada is defined by the meridian, meaning the western extremity of Canada lies on this meridian. ## From Pole to Pole Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 141st meridian west passes through: | Co-ordinates | Country, territory or sea | Notes | | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 90°0′N 141°0′W / 90.000°N 141.000°W | Geographical North Pole in the Arctic Ocean | | | 73°40′N 141°0′W / 73.667°N 141.000°W | Beaufort Sea | | | 69°39′N 141°0′W / 69.650°N 141.000°W | United States / Canada border | Alaska / Yukon | | 60°19′N 141°0′W / 60.317°N 141.000°W | United States | Alaska (Yakutat City and Borough) | | 59°46′N 141°0′W / 59.767°N 141.000°W | Pacific Ocean | Passing just west of Eiao island, French Polynesia (at 8°0′S 140°43′W / 8.000°S 140.717°W) · Passing just east of Napuka atoll, French Polynesia (at 14°11′S 141°10′W / 14.183°S 141.167°W) · Passing just west of Fangatau atoll, French Polynesia (at 15°49′S 140°53′W / 15.817°S 140.883°W) · Passing just west of Amanu atoll, French Polynesia (at 17°51′S 140°50′W / 17.850°S 140.833°W) | | 18°4′S 141°0′W / 18.067°S 141.000°W | French Polynesia | Hao atoll | | 18°11′S 141°0′W / 18.183°S 141.000°W | Pacific Ocean | Passing just west of Paraoa atoll, French Polynesia (at 19°7′S 140°43′W / 19.117°S 140.717°W) · Passing just east of Manuhangi atoll, French Polynesia (at 19°12′S 141°13′W / 19.200°S 141.217°W) | | 60°0′S 141°0′W / 60.000°S 141.000°W | Southern Ocean | | | 75°35′S 141°0′W / 75.583°S 141.000°W | Antarctica | Unclaimed territory |
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# 1640 in science The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events. ## Botany - John Parkinson publishes Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent.[1] ## Mathematics - The 16-year-old Blaise Pascal demonstrates the properties of the hexagrammum mysticum in his Essai pour les coniques which he sends to Mersenne. - October 18 – Fermat states his "little theorem" in a letter to Frénicle de Bessy: if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, a p − a will be divisible by p. - December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the theorem on sums of two squares in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an odd prime p is expressible as the sum of two squares. ## Technology - The micrometer is developed. - A form of bayonet is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the pike. - The reticle telescope is developed and initiates the birth of sharpshooting. ## Births - April 1 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (died 1697) - December 13 (bapt.) – Robert Plot, English naturalist and chemist and illustrator of the first dinosaur fossil (died 1696) - Elias Tillandz, Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (died 1693) ## Deaths - December 22 – Jean de Beaugrand, French mathematician (born c. 1584)
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# 1645 in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). ## Works published ### Great Britain - Francis Quarles, Solomon's Recantation, entitled Ecclesiastes Paraphrased[1] - Sir Robert Stapylton, translator, Erotopagnion, translated from the original Latin of the Musaeus[1] - Edmund Waller, Poems[1] - George Wither, Vox Pacifica: A Voice Tending to the Pacification of God's Wrath[1] ### Other - Adrián de Alesio, El Angélico ("The Angel"), dedicated to Saint Thomas Aquinas - Sheikh Muhammad, Yoga-samgrama ## Works incorrectly dated this year - John Milton, Poems of Mr John Milton, Both English and Latin, published 1646, according to The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, notwithstanding the book's title page[1] ## Births Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article: - April 11 – Juan del Valle y Caviedes (died 1697), Spanish-born Peruvian poet and author ## Deaths Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article: - March 10 – William Strode (born c.1602), English poet - April 3 (bur.) – Emilia Lanier, also spelled "Aemilia Lanyer" (born 1569), English - July 7 – Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim (born 1569), German officer and poet - July 13 – Marie de Gournay, also known as Marie le Jars, demoiselle de Gournay (born c. 1566), French writer, author of feminist tracts and poet; a close associate of Michel de Montaigne; buried in the Saint-Eustache Church in Paris - August 28 – Hugo Grotius (born 1583), Dutch jurist, philosopher, theologian, Christian apologist, playwright and poet - August 31 – Francesco Bracciolini (born 1566), Italian - September 8 – Francisco de Quevedo (born 1580), Spanish nobleman, politician and Golden Age poet - William Browne (born 1590), English pastoral poet - Feng Menglong (born 1574), Chinese writer and poet
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# 1695 in England Events from the year 1695 in England. ## Incumbents - Monarch – William III ## Events - 13 January – Princess Anne returns to court to act as royal hostess.[1] - 7 March – Sir John Trevor, Speaker of the House of Commons, is found guilty of taking a bribe and expelled from the Commons.[2][3] - April – Parliament decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643 requiring press censorship.[1] - 30 April – William Congreve's comedy Love for Love opens the New Theatre, Lincoln's Inn Fields.[4] - 3 May – Parliament passes the Corrupt Practices Act to tackle bribery in general elections.[5] - 16 May – Thomas Tenison enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the first Primate of All England since the Reformation to be installed in person at Canterbury Cathedral.[6] - 24 June – a commission of enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe reports to Parliament, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature". - 1 September - Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur in the Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance led by King William III of England following the 2-month Siege of Namur.[5] - HMS Winchester (1693) founders in the Florida Keys with the loss of 400.[7] - 7 September – English pirate Henry Every in the Fancy perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to put an end to all English trading in India. - November – general election results in victory for the Whigs.[1] - 31 December – the window tax is imposed.[5] ### Undated - Quakers Act ("An Act that the Solemne Affirmation & Declaration of the People called Quakers shall be accepted instead of an Oath in the usual Forme") permits Quakers (who conscientiously object to taking an oath) to substitute an affirmation in certain legal proceedings. - Wren Library, Cambridge, the library of Trinity College, designed by Christopher Wren, is completed. ## Births - 2 February – William Borlase, naturalist (died 1772) - 20 November – John Bevis, physician and astronomer (died 1771) ## Deaths - 5 March – Henry Wharton, writer (born 1664) - 5 April – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, writer and statesman (born 1633) - 27 April – John Trenchard, statesman (born 1640) - 21 November – Henry Purcell, composer (born 1654) - 28 November – Anthony Wood, antiquarian (born 1632)
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# 1636 in France Events from the year 1636 in France ## Incumbents - Monarch – Louis XIII[1] ## Events - 20 March – Treaty of Wismar - 5 August – Crossing of the Somme ## Births ### Full date missing - Noël Bouton de Chamilly, Marshal of France (died 1715)[2] - Charles de La Fosse, painter (died 1716) ## Deaths ### Full date missing - Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, trader and adventurer (born 1585) - Paul Hay du Chastelet, magistrate, orator and writer (born 1592) - Crespin Carlier, organ builder (born c.1560) - Louise Bourgeois Boursier, midwife (born 1563) - Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, diplomat (born 1552)
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# 1656 in Denmark Events from the year 1656 in Denmark. ## Incumbents - Monarch – Frederick III[1] - Steward of the Realm – Joachim Gersdorff ## Births - 11 September – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, Queen consort of Sweden (died 1693 in Sweden) ## Deaths - 24 April – Thomas Fincke, mathematician and physicist (b. 1561)
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# 1725 in Ireland Events from the year 1725 in Ireland. ## Incumbent - Monarch: George I ## Events - June 24 – first recorded meeting of the Grand Lodge of Ireland in Dublin, making it the second most senior Grand Lodge in world Freemasonry, and the oldest in continuous existence.[1] - Irish Presbyterian ministers who refuse to subscribe at ordination to the Westminster Confession form the Presbytery of Antrim. ## Births - May 15 – James Fortescue, politician (d. 1782) - September 27 – Patrick d'Arcy, mathematician (d. 1779) - September 28 (possible date) – Arthur Guinness, brewer and founder of the Guinness Brewery business and family (d. 1803) - December 20 – John Parr, Governor of Nova Scotia (d. 1791) - Robert Hellen, English-born lawyer and politician (d. 1793) - Alexander McNutt, British Army officer and coloniser of Nova Scotia (d. 1811) ## Deaths - March 31 – Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton, Chancellor of the Exchequer of England and Lord Treasurer of Ireland (b. 1669) - April 16 – James Barry, politician (b. 1661) - December 26 – Katherine FitzGerald, Viscountess Grandison, heiress (b. 1660) - James Terry, Jacobite officer of arms.
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# 1725 in Norway Events in the year 1725 in Norway. ## Incumbents - Monarch: Frederick IV.[1] ## Events - 8 March – The Dutch merchant ship Akerendam sinks near the island of Runde during its maiden voyage, the entire ship's crew of 200 people dies in the sinking.[2] ## Arts and literature - The construction of the Oslo Ladegård is complete.[3] ## Births - 11 February – Johan Frederik Classen, industrialist and philanthropist (died 1792).[4] - 8 March – Jens Boalth, educator (died 1780).[5] - 22 September – Gunder Gundersen Hammer, government official (died 1772).[6] - 19 November – Magnus Theiste, government official (died 1791)
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# 174th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery The 174th Field Regiment was a unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA) during the Second World War. Originally formed to man beach defence batteries, it was later converted to field artillery. It served in Home Forces and supplied trained gunners to the fighting fronts, but saw no active service. It was disbanded in 1943. ## 8th Defence Regiment After the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk and the United Kingdom was threatened with invasion, a crash programme of installing coastal artillery batteries was implemented in the summer of 1940. Later, as the Home Defence strategy developed, the Royal Artillery formed a number of 'Defence Batteries' to deploy around the coastline for general beach defence. These were not part of the RA's Coast Artillery branch, nor were they included in the field forces under Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, but equipped with whatever old guns were available they freed up scarce field artillery from static beach defence for the mobile counter-attack forces. Most of these batteries were formed on 1 September 1940, and they were grouped into regiments from 4 October. 8th Defence Regiment was formed at Leven, East Riding of Yorkshire, with 930–934 Defence Batteries. On 15 March 1941 931 and 934 Defence Btys were disbanded. ## 174th Field Regiment By the beginning of 1942 the imminent threat of invasion had passed, the coast artillery batteries were fully established, and the RA required gunners for the field forces. The remaining Defence Regiments in the UK were disbanded or converted into field artillery. On 12 January 1942 8th Defence Rgt at Neswick Hall, Driffield, East Riding, was converted into 174th Field Regiment, and 930, 932 and 933 Defence Btys were designated A, B and C Btys. A, B and C Btys were redesignated P, Q and R on 11 March. At this period the establishment of a field regiment was three batteries, each of two troops of four 25-pounder guns. On 25 July 1942 the regiment was assigned to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, which had recently been placed on a lower establishment as a home defence formation with no immediate prospect of overseas service. At the time the division was in Northern Command, moving at the beginning of 1943 to South Western District. On 1 January 1943 the regiment's batteries were numbered as 159, 160 and 161 Field Btys. But on 9 January the batteries were mobilised as independent batteries and later posted to units in Middle East Forces as follows: - 159 Field Bty – joined 32nd Field Rgt, converted to 32nd Heavy Rgt 18 September 1943[13][14][15] - 160 Field Bty – joined 57th (Home Counties) Field Rgt 10 June 1943[16] - 161 Field Bty – joined 121st (West Riding) Field Rgt 20 June 1943[17][18] Regimental HQ (RHQ) of 174th Field Rgt remained without any batteries to command until 10 March when it was disbanded and the personnel used to reform RHQ of the disbanded 52nd (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy Rgt at Fleetwood in Lancashire, with new batteries formed from coast artillery personnel. ## Footnotes 1. ↑ A previous 160 Bty had existed in the Royal Field Artillery between 1919 and 1920.[10][11]
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# 174 Phaedra 174 Phaedra is a sizable, rocky main belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on September 2, 1877, and named after Phaedra, the tragic lovelorn queen in Greek mythology. The asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.84 years and an eccentricity of 0.14. Lightcurve data obtained from Phaedra indicates a rather irregular or elongated body. It has a cross-section size of ~35 km. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Shadowbox Observatory in Carmel, Indiana, during 2009 gave a light curve with a period of 4.96 ± 0.01 hours. This is consistent with previous studies in 1977, 1988, and 2008. The asteroid's pole of rotation lies just 5–16° away from the plane of the ecliptic.
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# 1778 in music ## Events - January 1 – Première of William Boyce's "When rival nations great in arms", at St James's Palace, London.[1] - January 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, while visiting Mannheim, meets local composer Georg Joseph Vogler.[1] - January 27 – Niccolò Piccinni's first French opera, Roland, is premièred at the Paris Opera.[1] - February 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes to his father, Leopold Mozart, telling him how much he hates composing for the flute.[1] - February 17 – Ignaz Umlauf’s Die Bergknappen becomes the first singspiel by a local composer to be performed in Vienna.[1] - March 1 – Christoph Willibald Gluck returns to Vienna after a residence of ten years in Paris.[1] - March 2 – The Nationaltheater of Vienna's opera buffa company gives its final performance.[1] - March 15 – Thomas Arne is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.[1] - March 20 – Jiří Antonín Benda leaves his post as Kapellmeister at the court of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[1] - March 26 – Seven-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven gives his first concert performance, at Cologne.[1] - April 8 – Antonio Salieri leaves Vienna after a twelve-year absence from his native Italy.[1] - May 1 – Anna Maria Mozart complains of various ailments in a letter from Paris, where she is accompanying her son Wolfgang. She dies here on July 3.[1] - June 4 – King George III of the United Kingdom celebrates his 40th birthday; "Arm’d with her native force", an ode composed by William Boyce for the occasion, is performed for the first time.[1] - July 9 – Mozart writes to his father complaining about the French language and the poor standard of singing.[1] - July 13 – Leopold Mozart learns of his wife's death from a family friend, Abbé Joseph Bullinger.[1] - July 24 – The première of Giovanni Paisiello’s Lo sposo burlato takes place at the Russian court.[1] - August 1 – First publication (in London) of the song "To Anacreon in Heaven" with words by Ralph Tomlinson (d. March 17). Date of writing and first publication of the music by John Stafford Smith which becomes "The Star-Spangled Banner" is uncertain but probably about this time. - August 3 – Teatro alla Scala, Milan, opens with a performance of Antonio Salieri's latest opera, Europa riconosciuta.[1] - August 27 – Mozart meets Johann Christian Bach in Paris.[1] - October 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart arrives in Strasbourg, where he will give three concerts.[1] ## Classical music - Carl Philip Emanuel Bach - Harpsichord Concerto in G major, H.477 - Harpsichord Concerto in D major, H.478 - Sechs Clavier-Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber - Johann Christian Bach – 4 Sonatas and 2 Duetts, Op. 15 - Jean-Frédéric Edelmann – 3 Sonates, Op. 6, for harpsichord - Felice Giardini - 6 String Trios, Op. 20 - 6 Quartets, Op. 21 - François Joseph Gossec – Symphonie concertante in F major No. 2, "à plusieurs instruments" - Joseph Haydn - Little Organ Mass - Symphony No.54 in G major, Hob.I:54 - Il maestro e lo scolare, Hob.XVIIa:1 - František Kocžwara – The Battle of Prague, Op. 23 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Oboe Concerto in F major, K.293/416f - Duet Sonata for violin and piano K.296 - Concerto for flute and harp in C major, K. 299 - Violin Sonatas No. 18-23, K. 301-306 - Ah se in ciel, K.538 - Symphony No. 31 in D "Paris" - Piano Sonata No.8 in A Minor, K. 310/300d - Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 13 - Antonio Salieri – Sinfonia Veneziana - Johann Abraham Peter Schulz – Keyboard Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 2 - Hans Hinrich Zielche – 6 Flute Sonatas ## Opera - Carl Christian Agthe – Martin Velten - Johann Christian Bach – La Clemenza di Scipione - Anton Bachschmidt – Antigono - Pierre Joseph Candeille – Les Deux comtesses - Christian Cannabich – Azakia - Domenico Cimarosa - Il ritorno di Don Calandrino - Le stravaganze d'amore - Charles Dibdin – The Shepherdess of the Alps - André Grétry – Le jugement de Midas - Niccola Piccinni – Roland - Antonio Sacchini – Erifile - Antonio Salieri - Europa riconosciuta - La scuola de' gelosi ## Published popular music - The Singing Master's Assistant – William Billings, including "Africa" ## Methods and theory writings - William Billings – The Singing Master's Assistant - Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Musikalisch-kritische Bibliothek - Mussard – Nouveaux principes pour apprendre a jouer de la Flutte Traversiere - Ignacio Ramoneda – Arte de canto-llano ## Births - January 5 – Fortunato Santini, composer - January 9 – Dede Efendi, composer - January 13 – Anton Fischer, composer - February 12 – Franz Joseph Volkert, composer - February 14 – Fernando Sor, guitarist and composer - February 17 – Vincenzo Pucitta, Italian composer (d. 1861)[2] - March 8 – Friedrich August Kanne, composer and music critic(d. 1833)[3] - April 6 – Joseph Funk, composer and music teacher (d. 1862)[4] - May 8 – Johann Gansbacher, composer (d. 1844)[5] - May 28 – Friedrich Westenholz, composer - July 10 – Sigismund Ritter von Neukomm, Austrian composer and royal kapellmeister (d. 1858) - July 29 – Carl Borromaus Neuner - September 3 – Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer, composer - November 14 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel, composer ## Deaths - February 15 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, organist and composer (b. 1697) - March 5 – Thomas Arne, composer, best known for "Rule Britannia" (b. 1710) - May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, physician and music writer (b. 1711) - July 2 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, philosopher, writer and composer (b. 1712) - July 3 – Anna Maria Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1720; typhoid)[1] - August 5 – Thomas Linley the younger, composer, aged 22 - August 14 – Augustus Montague Toplady, hymn-writer (b. 1740) - August 24 – Johannes Ringk, organist, composer and copyist of Bach (b. 1717) - September 20 – Quirino Gasparini, composer (b. 1721) - October 30 – Davide Perez, opera composer (b. 1711) - November 11 – Anne Steele, hymn-writer (b. 1717) - December – Samuel Linley, oboist and singer (b. 1760) - December 12 – Hermann Raupach, composer (b. 1728) - date unknown - Americus Backers, piano maker - Giovanni Battista Costanzi, Italian composer (born 1704) - Célestin Harst, organist and harpsichordist (b. 1698)
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# 1820s in football The following are events in the 1820s decade which are relevant to the development of football. ## Events ### 1820 - By this time, some form of order was beginning to be imposed on what had for centuries been a chaotic pastime played not so much by teams as by mobs. This form of football, known more politely as "folk football", was essentially a public holiday event, Shrove Tuesday being a traditional day for games across the country. The games were free-for-alls with no holds barred and extremely violent. As for kicking and handling of the ball, it is certain that both means of moving the ball towards the goals were in use.[1] - The public schools (e.g., Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester) began to devise their own versions of football, rules of which were verbally agreed and handed down over many years until the first codifications in the 1840s.[2] ### 1823 - The traditional date of the William Webb Ellis legend. He was the Rugby School pupil who, it was said later, "with a fine disregard for the rules of football, took the ball in his hands and ran with it".[3] Even if the tale is true, the game was a version of folk football with rules that were verbally agreed by the Rugby School pupils. Such rules were always open to challenge and it may be that an incident like this occurred with the result that a dribbling game became primarily a handling one.[3] - Evidence exists of local games being played within certain limits (field and team sizes) which were similar to modern football in that goalposts, either erected or simulated, were in use as targets. There is a reference to players in East Anglia using their jackets for goalposts.[4] ### 1824 - Foundation of the Foot-Ball Club, in Edinburgh, thought to have been the first club to have played football of any kind, anywhere in the world. [5] ## Births - 12 March 1820 – Albert Pell (d. 1907), an early influence on the rules of football. - 18 May 1821 – Jem Mackie (d. 1867), an early influence on the rules of football. ## Bibliography - Sanders, Richard (2009). Beastly Fury – The Strange Birth of British Football. London: Transworld. ISBN 978-0-55-381935-9.
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# 1837 French legislative election Legislative elections were held in France on 4 November 1837. Only citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote. 151,720 of the 198,836 registered voters voted. ## Results | Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------- | ----- | ----- | | | Pro-Molé Ministry | | | 163 | | | Center left | | | 142 | | | Center right | | | 64 | | | Third Party | | | 56 | | | Republicans | | | 19 | | | Legitimists | | | 15 | | Total | Total | | | 459 | | | | | | | | Total votes | Total votes | 151,720 | – | | | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 198,836 | 76.30 | | | Source: | | | | | ## Aftermath Louis-Philippe of France dissolved the legislature in the absence of a majority on 2 February 1839.
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# 1847 in the United States Events from the year 1847 in the United States. ## Incumbents ### Federal government - President: James K. Polk (D-Tennessee) - Vice President: George M. Dallas (D-Pennsylvania) - Chief Justice: Roger B. Taney (Maryland) - Speaker of the House of Representatives: John Wesley Davis (D-Indiana) (until March 4) Robert Charles Winthrop (W-Massachusetts) (starting December 6) - Congress: 29th (until March 4), 30th (starting March 4) | Governors and lieutenant governors | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | - Governor of Alabama: Joshua L. Martin (Independent) (until December 16), Reuben Chapman (Democratic) (starting December 16) - Governor of Arkansas: Thomas Stevenson Drew (Democratic) - Governor of Connecticut: Isaac Toucey (Democratic) (until May 5), Clark Bissell (Whig) (starting May 5) - Governor of Delaware: William Temple (Whig) (until January 19), William Tharp (Democratic) (starting January 19) - Governor of Florida: William Dunn Moseley (Democratic) - Governor of Georgia: George W. Crawford (Whig) (until November 3), George W. Towns (Democratic) (starting November 3) - Governor of Illinois: Augustus C. French (Democratic) - Governor of Indiana: James Whitcomb (Democratic) - Governor of Iowa: Ansel Briggs (Democratic) - Governor of Kentucky: William Owsley (Whig) - Governor of Louisiana: Alexandre Mouton (Democratic) (until February 12), Isaac Johnson (Democratic) (starting February 12) - Governor of Maine: Hugh J. Anderson (Democratic) (until May 12), John W. Dana (Democratic) (starting May 12) - Governor of Maryland: Thomas Pratt (Democratic) - Governor of Massachusetts: George N. Briggs (Democratic) - Governor of Michigan: Alpheus Felch (Democratic) (until March 3), William L. Greenly (Democratic) (starting March 3) - Governor of Mississippi: Albert G. Brown (Democratic) - Governor of Missouri: John C. Edwards (Democratic) - Governor of New Hampshire: Anthony Colby (Democratic) (until June 3), Jared W. Williams (Democratic) (starting June 3) - Governor of New Jersey: Charles C. Stratton (Whig) - Governor of New York: John Young (Whig) (starting January 1) - Governor of North Carolina: William Alexander Graham (Whig) - Governor of Ohio: William Bebb (Whig) - Governor of Pennsylvania: Francis R. Shunk (Democratic) - Governor of Rhode Island: Byron Diman (Law and Order) (until May 4), Elisha Harris (Law and Order) (starting May 4) - Governor of South Carolina: David Johnson (Democratic) - Governor of Tennessee: Aaron V. Brown (Democratic) (until October 17), Neill S. Brown (Whig) (starting October 17) - Governor of Texas: James Pinckney Henderson (Democratic) (until December 21), George T. Wood (Democratic) (starting December 21) - Governor of Vermont: Horace Eaton (Whig) - Governor of Virginia: William Smith (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut: Noyes Billings (Democratic) (until May 5), Charles J. McCurdy (Whig) (starting May 5) - Lieutenant Governor of Illinois: Joseph Wells (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Indiana: Paris C. Dunning (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky: Archibald Dixon (Whig) - Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana: Trasimond Landry (Whig) - Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts: John Reed, Jr. (political party unknown) - Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: William L. Greenly (Democratic) (until month and day unknown), Charles P. Bush (Democratic) (starting month and day unknown) - Lieutenant Governor of Missouri: James Young (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of New York: Addison Gardiner (Democratic) (until July 5), Albert Lester (Democratic) (starting July 5) - Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island: Elisha Harris (Whig) (until May 4), Edward W. Lawton (political party unknown) (starting May 4) - Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina: William Cain (Democratic) - Lieutenant Governor of Texas: Albert Clinton Horton (Democratic) (until December 21), John Alexander Greer (political party unknown) (starting December 21) - Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Leonard Sargeant (Whig) | ## Events ### January–March - January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol, the Colt Walker, to the U.S. government for the Texas Rangers. - January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the fighting in the Mexican–American War in California. - January 16 – John C. Fremont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory. - January 17 – Saint Anthony Hall is founded at Columbia University in New York City. - January 30 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco, California. - February 5 – A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnson's Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party. These California bound emigrants became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846–1847, and some have resorted to cannibalism to survive. - February 22 – Mexican–American War – The Battle of Buena Vista: 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio López de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next day. - March 1 – The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty. - March 9 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz in the first large-scale amphibious assault conducted by U.S. military forces. - March 28 – The Massachusetts Donation of 1847 for Ireland sails from Boston on USS Jamestown. - March 29 – Mexican–American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege. ### April–June - May 7 – The American Medical Association (AMA) is founded in Philadelphia. - June 1 – Zeta Psi fraternity of North America is founded at New York University. - June 10 – The Chicago Tribune begins publication. ### July–September - July 1 – The United States issues its first postage stamps, featuring George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. - July 24 – After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City. - July 29 – The Cumberland School of Law is founded at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee. At the end of 1847 only 15 law schools exist in the United States. - August 2 – Reuben Chapman is elected the 13th governor of Alabama defeating Nicholas Davis. - August 12 – U.S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Lake Chalco and Lake Xochimilco in Mexico - August 20 – U.S. troops defeat Mexican troops in Valencia, Mexico ### October–December - October 31 – Theta Delta Chi is founded as a social fraternity at Union College, Schenectady, New York. - November 29 – The Whitman massacre: Oregon missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman, his wife Narcissa, and eleven others are killed in the Oregon Country by Cayuse and Umatilla Indians, starting the Cayuse War. - December 16 – Reuben Chapman is sworn in as the 13th governor of Alabama replacing Joshua L. Martin.[1] ### Undated - The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the railroad town of Goldsborough, and the Wayne county seat is moved to the new town. - The candy Necco Wafers are first produced as "hub wafers" in New England, an origin of the candy industry. - Hardware business Orgill is established in Memphis, Tennessee. ### Ongoing - Mexican–American War (1846–1848) ## Births - January 11 - Alpheus Michael Bowman, politician and businessman (died 1913) - Marion McKinley Bovard, academic administrator, 1st president of the University of Southern California (died 1891) - January 16 – John Cutting Berry, physician and missionary (died 1936) - January 23 – Elijah Bond, lawyer and inventor (died 1921) - January 28 – William V. Allen, United States Senator from Nebraska from 1893 till 1899. (died 1924) - February 2 – Charles H. Baker, politician (died 1919) - February 11 – Thomas Edison, American inventor and businessman (died 1931) - February 26 – William A. B. Branch, politician (died 1910) - March 2 – Blanche Butler Ames, First Lady of Mississippi (d. 1939) - March 13 – Francis S. White, United States Senator from Alabama from 1914 till 1915. (died 1922) - March 18 – William O'Connell Bradley, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1895 till 1899. (died 1914) - March 21 – Oscar Bielaski, Major League Baseball player (died 1911) - March 27 – Warren Ives Bradley, children's author (died 1868) - March 29 – John D. Works, United States Senator from California from 1911 till 1917. (died 1928) - April 13 – J. Thompson Baker, politician from New Jersey (died 1919) - May 25 – John Green Brady, 5th Governor of the District of Alaska from 1897 till 1906 (d. 1918) - June 8 – Ida Saxton McKinley, First Lady of the United States, (died 1907) - June 26 – Daniel V. Asay, iceboat racer (died 1930) - June 29 – Brother Azarias, educator (d. 1893) - July 4 – James Anthony Bailey, circus ringmaster (d. 1906) - July 19 – Oliver Ernesto Branch, politician (d. 1916) - August 12 – William Rankin Ballard, businessman (d. 1929) - September 5 – Jesse James, American outlaw, guerrilla, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from Missouri. (died 1882) - September 10 – Franklin Bartlett, politician (died 1909) - September 11 – Mary Watson Whitney, American astronomer and academic (died 1921)[2] - September 23 – Victoria Woodhull, American leader of the woman's suffrage movement (died 1927) - September 30 – James Taliaferro, United States Senator from Florida from 1899 till 1911. (died 1934) - October 18 – Emma Elizabeth Brown, author and artist (unknown year of death) - October 23 – Gottfried Blocklinger, admiral (died 1930) - October 31 – Wendell P. Bowman, army major general (died 1928) - November 7 – Melvin O. Adams, attorney and railroad executive (died 1920) - November 10 – Frederick Arthur Bridgman, artist (died 1928) - November 23 – Joseph Ackroyd, politician, member of the New York State Senate (died 1915) - December 21 – Fletcher S. Bassett, founder of the Chicago Folk-Lore Society (died 1893) - December 30 – John Peter Altgeld, 20th governor of Illinois (died 1902) - December 31 – Wilson S. Bissell, politician, United States Postmaster General (died 1903) ## Deaths - January 19 – Charles Bent, first civilian governor of the New Mexico territory (born 1799) - January 30 – Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe, wife of Edgar Allan Poe (born 1822) - May 1 – Jesse Speight, United States Senator from Mississippi (1845–1847) (born 1795) - July 22 – Henry W. Edwards, United States Senator from Connecticut (1823–1838) (born 1779) - August 6 – Henry M. Ridgely, United States Senator from Delaware (1827–1829) (born 1779) - November 1 – Jabez W. Huntington, United States Senator from Connecticut (1840 –1847) (born 1788) - November 29 – Narcissa Whitman, pioneer missionary (born 1808)
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Number of rows:
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