Meyerger/ASAG2024 · Datasets at Hugging Face

question stringclasses 283 values	provided_answer stringlengths 1 3.56k ⌀	reference_answer stringclasses 452 values	grade float64 0 100	data_source stringclasses 7 values	normalized_grade float64 0 1	weight float64 0 0.04	index int64 0 4.97k
Why does the water level in the straw go down when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is cooled, but not frozen?	When the water gets cold it contracts thereby lowering the water level in the straw.	Water contracts when the water is cooled.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	2,860
Bryan taped a golf tee to a globe of the Earth. He shined a flashlight on the globe. The best way for Bryan to demonstrate how shadows change during the day would be to: (rotate the globe.) move the flashlight. Why would this best demonstrate how shadows change during the day?	Because you can see them better and you can mark down the spot your shadow was at.	Shadows change during the day because the Earth is turning. The Sun stays in one place.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	3,895
Explain in one sentence what each graph tells you. Graph C) size of ice cube versus time.	The more the time the less size of the ice cube.	As time increases, the size of the ice cube decreases.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	627
When switch X was closed and switch Y was open, why was bulb A on?	Bulb A is conected to the battery.	Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery.	2	Beetle	0.666667	0.000272	1,336
Don wants to make a map of his neighborhood that fits into his notebook. He has a photograph of the neighborhood but it is too large. Complete the description of how Don can draw an accurate map that fits into his notebook: 1. Put an overlay grid over the model. 2. ____ 3. Draw a smaller grid with the same number of squares in your notebook. 4. ____ 5. Create a key to go with the map.	2. Put a compass rose on the map. 4. Trace the grid on the notebook.	2: Trace the features from the photograph onto the overlay grid. 4: Transfer the features to the matching squares on the smaller grid in your notebook.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	4,339
Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. If Jim made Mixture 2 with 2 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters of water, what would he observe? What evidence do you have to support this?	Clear, mixture 3 is clear.	Jim would see a clear solution. 3 spoons of solid dissolves, so 2 spoons will dissolve.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	111
Why was the siren's sound designed to have this property?	So people know there is an emergency.	So that people notice the sound.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	657
Write-down all addresses in Class A networks that are reserved.	0.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 127.0.0.0/8	126 Class A nets can be addressed in classful IP addressing (1.xx.yy.zz - 126.xx.yy.zz) 127.xx.yy.zz is reserved for loopback testing 0.xx.yy.zz can be accepted if stated accordingly (definitions defer whether this is in Class A)	0.25	SAF	0.25	0.001136	1,549
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 0 for terminal 5 and the positive terminal.	gap in 5	Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	676
Georgia found one brown mineral and one black mineral. How will she know which one is harder?	The harder one leave a scratch on the less scratch mineral.	The harder mineral will leave a scratch on the less hard mineral. If the black mineral is harder, the brown mineral will have a scratch.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	443
John wanted to find the optimum conditions for growing peas. He planted pea seeds in 2 separate pots. He used the same amount and type of soil in each pot. He recorded daily care (amount of water and plant food) and results (plant length and number of leaves) after 2 weeks, as shown in the following chart. Did John do a good job of controlling the variables in his experiment? Explain why or why not.	Yes, Because, he did not use to much water and kill it, and I guess it was kind of tall, plus there was a lot of leaves.	No. John changed 2 variables at the same time (amount of water and amount of plant food) so John can not know which variables made a difference.	1	SciEntsBank	0.333333	0.000241	1,964
Why does a damaged bulb impact a circuit?	The path will not be closed.	a damaged bulb creates a gap	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	1,006
Throwing a ball uses a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint. Describe how each of these 2 joints moves when you throw a ball. The ball-and-socket joint ___.	It moves forward.	rotates. moves in all directions. moves up-and-down, back-and-forth, and side-to-side.	1	SciEntsBank	0.333333	0.000241	2,480
To model the packet arrivals as a poisson process, we assumed that the arrivals for each time interval Δt are independent. Does this assumption hold for real INTERNET traffic? Explain your answer in 2-5 sentences.	No, let’s suppose we have a server that hosts VOIP(voice over IP) services. If the server had a high amount of arrivals* (of packets) in the previous interval, it is more likely to have a similar amount of arrivals in the upcoming interval as the calls in the previous interval are still ongoing(unless the call has ended). Same goes for the other way around. If the previous interval did not have a lot of traffic coming through it is more likely that the upcoming interval also does not have a lot of traffic incoming(unless a lot of calls starts on the interval change). Thus each interval has some sort of dependency to the previous one(s). * incoming packets of ongoing calls	No. Real internet traffic often comes in bursts. Therefore, arrivals are not independent because the probability of an arrival happening at a node is influenced by previous arrivals at the node. For example, on-demand video streams selectively load the next video segments when needed. This means the actual network utilization depends on the current playback state on the client-side. The packet arrivals are not independent, as it is likely that there is a low utilization directly after the next segments have been loaded.	1	SAF	1	0.00008	986
Look at the picture of a cow bone. Describe how you can tell which part of the cow this bone came from.	Because it is shaped like a rib.	The bone is thin and curved.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	4,037
Describe how the muscles in the front and back of the leg work together to make the dancer's foot point.	The backs of the leg has to stretch and the front of the leg bends.	The muscle in the back of the leg (the gastrocnemius) contracts and the muscle in the front of the leg (the tibia) relaxes to make the foot point.	1	SciEntsBank	0.333333	0.000241	4,117
What happens to the "collision domain diameter" if you use CSMA / CD and increase the speed of a network by a factor of 10, eg from 10Mb / s to 100Mb / s (all else being equal)?	If you increase the speed you decrease the collision domain diameter. It decreases approximately by the factor of 10 in the example given above.	Diameter decreases by a factor of 10, e.g 300m to 30m.	1	SAF	1	0.00008	1,206
Oil, water, and corn syrup are layered in a tall, thin container. All are at the same temperature. What does the layering tell you about the density of the corn syrup compared to water?	It would be Ice water.	Corn syrup is denser than water.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	1,342
Joanna's glasses "fogged up" when she went into the bathroom after her sister finished her shower. What caused the "fog" to form on her glasses?	The fog formed on her glasses because the water from the shower was hot and the glasses which were cold.	The glasses were cooler than the water vapor in the bathroom.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	4,396
What is a heat sink?	When the heat starts to go down.	A heat sink is any material that absorbs (a lot of) heat.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	4,919
The mangrove is a tree found only in saltwater environments. What would happen if you moved a mangrove tree to a freshwater environment? Explain your answer.	It might not grow; it would be so used to saltwater conditions, it could not live in freshwater.	The mangrove tree would probably die or the tree would not grow well because the tree needs a saltwater environment. Water without salt is outside of the tree's range of tolerance for salt.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	3,827
Why can duplicate packets be a problem in a network? Please state your answer in a single sentence.	Because the large number of duplicate packets consume the network bandwidth as well as require more process power.	if the receiver is not capable of differentiating between valid and duplicated packets it may act on the same information twice.	0.5	SAF	0.5	0.000227	1,530
Maria weighed a small, wet sponge. It weighed 38 grams. She left the sponge on the balance. The next day, Jose found the sponge on the balance. It weighed 22 grams. Both students weighed the sponge accurately. Why were the masses different?	The water on the sponge was evaporated, so Jose's sponge was lighter than Maria's.	Some water evaporated from the sponge between the time Maria weighed the sponge and the time Jose weighed the sponge.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,301
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 3 and the positive terminal.	sorry but thats all i got and if thats wrong, then i dont know the answer	Terminal 3 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap	0	Beetle	0	0.000812	1,796
Explain your reasoning.	because they are in series with a	If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	2,885
Look at the diagram of a circuit at the right. Will the motor run? Why?	It does not have the wire to make it a complete circuit.	The circuit is not complete. The electrical pathway is broken.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	4,658
Why was the siren's sound designed to have this property?	Because if someone called 911 they could hear that they are coming.	So that people notice the sound.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	649
Maria weighed a small, wet sponge. It weighed 38 grams. She left the sponge on the balance. The next day, Jose found the sponge on the balance. It weighed 22 grams. Both students weighed the sponge accurately. Why were the masses different?	Because some of the water in the wet sponge evaporated.	Some water evaporated from the sponge between the time Maria weighed the sponge and the time Jose weighed the sponge.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,332
Pam sprayed water on her mother's car. The water drops looked just like those she had seen on other surfaces that do not absorb water. What property of water causes the drop to be shaped that way?	Surface tension.	Surface tension causes the drop to form a dome or bead shape.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,129
Oil, water, and corn syrup are layered in a tall, thin container. All are at the same temperature. What does the layering tell you about the density of the corn syrup compared to water?	The corn syrup is more denser than the water.	Corn syrup is denser than water.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	1,343
Maria weighed a small, wet sponge. It weighed 38 grams. She left the sponge on the balance. The next day, Jose found the sponge on the balance. It weighed 22 grams. Both students weighed the sponge accurately. Why were the masses different?	Because overnight, the water got warmer somehow.	Some water evaporated from the sponge between the time Maria weighed the sponge and the time Jose weighed the sponge.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	3,295
The mangrove is a tree found only in saltwater environments. What would happen if you moved a mangrove tree to a freshwater environment? Explain your answer.	If you moved it, the tree would not grow because it feeds on saltwater not freshwater.	The mangrove tree would probably die or the tree would not grow well because the tree needs a saltwater environment. Water without salt is outside of the tree's range of tolerance for salt.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	3,842
Pete put a marble in a cup of water as shown in the picture. What evidence indicates whether the marble is more or less dense than the water?	Because the marble sank.	The marble is on the bottom of the cup (under the water).	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	662
null	A CNN network consists of: - Input layer - conolution layer - Detection layer - Pooling layer - Next layer(because CNN consists of many layers this will be another block of layers similar to what described)	Convolutional Neural Network consists of many layers such as a convolutional layer that has kernels which convolve over the input image, an activation layer (ReLU activation), pooling layer (max or average pooling), and one or more fully connected layers followed by softmax layer.	1	DigiKlausur	0.5	0.001522	503
null	A CNN uses convolution instead of matrix multiplication. After this there is a non linearity which may be a function like ReLU. There is also a pooling stage which is used to pool the important features. CNNs are translation invartiant.	Convolutional Neural Network consists of many layers such as a convolutional layer that has kernels which convolve over the input image, an activation layer (ReLU activation), pooling layer (max or average pooling), and one or more fully connected layers followed by softmax layer.	1	DigiKlausur	0.5	0.001522	498
null	A neuron consists of a synapse connecting link, an adder function or linear combiner and an activation function. $$v = \Sigma wi \cdot x{i} + b$$, where $xi$ is the input, $wi$ is the weight and $b$ is bias.	Mathematical model of a neuron consists of a set of synapses or connecting links where each link is characterized by a weight, an adder function (linear combiner), which computes the weighted sum (local field) of the inputs plus some bias and an activation function (squashing function) for limiting the amplitude of a neuron’s output.	1	DigiKlausur	0.5	0.001522	61
null	First of all, we must identify and formulate the problem we want to look at; formulate the question in statistical terms; propose the null hypothesis H (0) that we want to test; propose the alternative hypothesis H (1), that is the conjecture opposite to the null hypothesis, select a random sample on which to observe the data. Decide the most appropriate test statistic, which provides a good summary of the character being studied (statistical interest test - parameter)/standard error of the test statistic. Later, you have to calculate the p-value, the evidence of the data against the hypothesis nothing; the less the p-value, the greater the evidence against the hypothesis nothing. The last step concerns the decision to reject the hypothesis. If the p-value is less than 0,01 there is strong evidence of the data against the null hypothesis and the refusal with a level of significance of 1%; if it is less than 0,05 there is statistical evidence and refusal with level of significance 5%; if it is less than 0,1 there is weak evidence and refusal with level of significance 10%; if it is greater than 0,1 there is no evidence of the data and no refusal.	The statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis that is made on a parameter of the population that leads to the identification of a statistical rule that makes to decide whether to refuse or not to reject the hypothesis made. There are several steps in the verification of the hypotheses: 1- identify the problem and formulate the question you want to see; 2. to formulate the question in statistical terms: to identify the statistics that can solve the problem; 3. propose the null hypothesis, i.e. the hypothesis checked; 4- propose the alternative hypothesis, i.e. the opposite hypothesis, 5- select the random sample; 6- calculate the test statistics, which can be calculated from the sample data as it is a sample statistics; 7- rule of decision: (a) compare the value of the test statistic with the theoretical values separating the acceptance zone from the rejection zone (s); or (b) calculate the p-value and compare it with the theoretical values. The p-value is used to calculate how far away we are from the nothing hypothesis, the smaller and the more distant we are. If the p-value is: - less than 0.01 there is strong empirical evidence against the null hypothesis, so I refuse the null hypothesis at the level of significance of 1% - less than 0.05 there is empirical evidence against the null hypothesis, so I refuse the zero hypothesis at the level of 5% significance; - less than 0.1 there is a weak empirical evidence against the sposi nulla, therefore I refuse the hypothesis nothing at the level of significance of 10%; - more than 0.1 there is no empirical evidence against the hypothesis nothing, therefore I refuse the hypothesis nothing; 8- decide whether to reject the hypothesis nothing. In the event that the null hypothesis is rejected it is said that the test is significant, i.e. when the empirical evidence is contrary to the null hypothesis.	0.704545	Stita	0.704545	0.00125	122
What is the role of a header-file?	create a comon area to contain reusable functions.	To store a class interface, including data members and member function prototypes.	3	Mohler	0.6	0.001916	394
Explain your reasoning.	bulb a is in the same path of bulbs b and c	If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	2,836
You can tell if a rock contains calcite by putting it into a cold acid (like vinegar). Describe what you would observe if you did the acid test on a rock that contains this substance.	You would see bubbles floating up or down.	Many tiny bubbles will rise from the calcite when the calcite contacts the cold acid.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	2,923
Describe the paths in this diagram and explain how those paths account for the results.	the bulb will be on if it is still on a closed path	Bulb A is in a path which does not contain B and C, so bulbs B and C don't affect it. Bulbs B and C are in the same path. They affect each other, but Bulb A doesn't affect them.	0	Beetle	0	0.000812	3,069
Angie wrote in her science notebook, "Evaporation only happens when water is heated to high temperatures." Explain why you agree or disagree.	Because heat absorbs the water.	Disagree. Evaporation can occur at any temperature.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	1,139
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 0 for terminal 6 and the positive terminal.	positive battery terminal is separated by a gap from terminal 6	Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	1,443
Why was bulb C off when switch Z was open?	Z being open created a gap in the circut.	Bulb C was no longer in a closed path with the battery	2	Beetle	0.666667	0.000272	953
After playing the FOSS-ulele, David wrote his results in his lab notebook: I'm confused. When I pull down and tighten the string on the FOSS-ulele, then pluck the string, the pitch sounds HIGHER than it did before. But aren't I making the string longer when I pull the string? I thought a longer length produced a LOWER pitch. What's going on here? What is causing the pitch to be higher? Write a note to David to tell him why the pitch gets higher rather than lower.	Because the string needs to be short.	The string is tighter, so the pitch is higher. The string between the cup and the table is not longer.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	83
Look at the illustration of the pulley system at the right to answer the questions. Explain the disadvantage of using this system compared to a single movable pulley system.	Pull longer.	You have to pull 3 times more rope (apply the effort over a distance 3 times farther than the distance the load moves).	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	355
Why does the water level in the straw go down when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is cooled, but not frozen?	Because the molecules get closer together and take up less room.	Water contracts when the water is cooled.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	2,929
Georgia found one brown mineral and one black mineral. How can she test them for hardness using only the 2 minerals (no tools)?	Rub them together and see if one scratches the other.	Rub the minerals together and see which one scratches the other.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	1,044
Joanne mixed material R and material D together, added water, and stirred. After a few minutes, the liquid was clear and there was a solid on the bottom of the cup. Joanne used a paper filter to separate the solid from the liquid. Why does the solid stay in the filter when the liquid goes through?	The solid stayed in because it was not as watery and it was bigger chucks. The liquid is watery and so it went through.	The particles of the solid are too big to go through the holes in the paper filter.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	382
Why does a damaged bulb impact a circuit?	Because it creates a gap.	a damaged bulb creates a gap	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	1,005
What is the difference between a data member and a local variable inside a member function?	A local variable cannot be accessed outside the function in which it is declared. Data members normally are private. Variables of functions declared private are accessible only to member functions of the class in which they are declared.	Data members can be accessed from any member functions inside the class defintion. Local variables can only be accessed inside the member function that defines them.	5	Mohler	1	0.000302	237
Transparent bridges manage a bridge table for the forwarding process. Please describe what information the table holds and how it is modified during the backwards learning phase. How is the table used in the forwarding process and what is one benefit of that? Please answer the question in 2-5 sentences.	A transparant bridge receives every frame from each connected LAN including the source address "S" of the frame on a LAN "L". The bridge creates a table entry with the information that "S" can be reached via "L". This is done for every frame. The advantage of this approach is that the bridge is invisible for other components of the network leading to simplification.	1.A mapping between destinations/stations (MACs) and outgoing LAN interfaces. 2.This table is initially empty and received packages are flooded on every line. When a bridge receives a frame (as the bridge runs in promiscuous mode it listens in on all the traffic arriving at its LAN links) with source address Q on LAN L, it adds the timestamped entry “Q can be reached over L” to the table and the next time a packet with destination Q arrives, it is forwarded on link L. The time-stamp is used to update or purge old entries. Therefore, it learns by observing the incoming traffic. 3.To do selective forwarding instead of flooding. 4.i)less duplication/unnecessary flooding is prevented. ii)less congestion. iii)better bandwidth usage than flooding.	0.5	SAF	0.5	0.000227	314
Where are variables declared in a C++ program?	They can be declared right before they are used, but it is a good practice to declare them at the beginning of the program and label what they are food.	Variables can be declared anywhere in a program. They can be declared inside a function (local variables) or outside the functions (global variables)	2	Mohler	0.4	0.003831	145
When switch X was open and switch Y was closed, why were bulbs B and C on?	iBulbs ba nd C were stil contained in a closed path with the battery	Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery.	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	2,467
Describe the paths in this diagram and explain how those paths account for the results.	bulb b and bulb c are in the same path so if one burns out the other will nott work. bulb a is contained within a different path and will not burn out if bulb b or c is damaged because it is still contained in a closed path with the battery	Bulb A is in a path which does not contain B and C, so bulbs B and C don't affect it. Bulbs B and C are in the same path. They affect each other, but Bulb A doesn't affect them.	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	3,024
What are the conditions that are required to make a bulb light up?	A battery should connect to a bulb in a closed path.	there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	466
Why does an open switch impact a circuit?	It turns off all the bulbs.	the open switch creates a gap	2	Beetle	0.666667	0.000272	1,962
What are the conditions that are required to make a bulb light up?	battery mut be closed circuit	there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	533
Please explain the problem with "Distributed Queue Dual Buses" that was discussed in the lecture in 1-3 sentences.	The problem with Distributed Queue Dual Buses is fairness. The probability of getting access to the data is not equal for every node. Some nodes can reserve more than other nodes because of their position.	Depending on your position in the bus station have a disadvantage/advantage when reserving transmission rights.	1	SAF	1	0.00008	1,271
You used several methods to separate and identify the substances in mock rocks. How did you separate the salt from the water?	By putting water in a Petri dish and letting the water evaporate.	The water was evaporated, leaving the salt.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	4,743
What are the conditions that are required to make a bulb light up?	a battery connected to each side of the lightbulb.	there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery	2	Beetle	0.666667	0.000272	469
Johnny drove to the store with his father one cold and rainy night. They had only driven a short distance when the windows "fogged up" on the inside. What was it about the windows that caused the "fog" to form on them?	When it is cold and warm the cold I think pushed the window.	The windows were cooler than the water vapor in the air, causing the vapor to condense.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	2,759
What process forms deltas? A. Gravity B. Erosion (C. Deposition) D. Decomposition. Explain how deltas form.	Water pushes sand to make a slope.	Earth materials erode and are carried by flowing water (a river). The earth materials form a delta when the materials are dropped off or deposited when the water stops flowing (at the mouth of a river).	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	304
Why does a rubber band make a sound when you pluck it (pull and let go quickly)?	Because it vibrates.	The rubber band vibrates.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,387
Where do C++ programs begin to execute?	A C++ program will begin to execute at the main() function.	At the main function.	5	Mohler	1	0.000302	90
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 0 for terminal 4 and the positive terminal.	terminal 4 is connected to the positive battery	Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are connected	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	2,045
What is voltage?	the difference in connections between terminals	Voltage is the difference in electrical states between two terminals	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	3,761
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 1 and the positive terminal.	because it was connected to the positive terminal	Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	697
What are the benefits and drawbacks of SDN compared to traditional networking,where each switch/router has to manage forwarding and routing on its own? Describe two benefits and two drawbacks in 1-2 sentences each.	+ Better routing decisions because of centralized view of the topology. + Easier expandable as the control logic is managed over the control plane mostly by software. - Dependency on control servers. The network can’t adapt when it can’t reach a controller. - The distributed SDN controller leads to the CAP problem where it can only have 2 of the three properties (consistency, availability, partitioning tolerance).	Benefits: ● Reduced complexity of the switches: They only have to act according to their flow tables and do not have to make any local routing decisions. ● Due to centralized routing, the routing can converge way faster to a global optimum than with decentralized routing because of a global view ● Better Integration of application and network provides a better global view of the system. ● Increased flexibility : 1. We can update the routing logic on the fly, routers/switches are not limited to hard-coded routing algorithms anymore (Note: this is also possible with programmable switches). 2. API to “program” the network: Software (application) “defines” the network 3. High-level programming languages for implementation of logic and making use of powerful integrated development environments. Note: In case the reasoning/example sufficiently explains the benefit, naming like reduced complexity, increased flexibility can be omitted and response can still be granted 0.25 for each benefit. Drawbacks: ● High complexity of the control servers: They have to make all the routing decisions for the (sub)network and can therefore be a bottleneck. ● Centralized routing in distributed systems in general: The routing completely depends on the control server(s). To achieve better availability and fault tolerance, the number of control servers can be increased. However, this can lead to synchronization and consistency issues. → CAP problem (consistency, availability, partition tolerance) ● New technology adoption challenges: ● Switching to SDN from traditional networking. ● Training personnel on SDN. All these will cost depending on the reconfiguration level but then for the long term, it depends upon the ROI. ● Security-related concerns : ○ Lack of hardware security: eliminating the use of the physical routers and switches, one also loses the security that comes with it.	1	SAF	1	0.00008	197
When defining a recursive function, what are possible causes for infinite recursion?	Not having a base case that returns a base value.	If the recursion step is defined incorrectly, or if the base case is not included.	4	Mohler	0.8	0.002364	573
Name the two modes of control plane distribution and name one downside for each of them.	Control Plane Distribution: Replication - Maintaining consistency and state across the replicated nodes is complex and involves high overhead. Control Plane Distribution: Partitioning - Issues similar to P2P networks since there is no centralized controller. Partitioned nodes need knowledge about their neighbours to coordinate.	Two modes of physical distribution of control plane and associated drawbacks are: Replication ● Issue of scalability ● More resources, more cost ● Wastage of resources as the replicated node is on standby and no actual load distribution occurs. ● The problem to keep the data consistent in the replicated node is hard and complex. Partitioning ● Raises issues similar to P2P networks ● Knowledge about neighborhood ● Coordination and consistency ● Lower availability	1	SAF	1	0.00008	68
Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. Describe how Jim could separate the dissolved solid from the water in Mixture one. What happens to the solid and to the water?	You can get a coffee filter you pour it in the you wait for it to seep into the coffee filter.	Set up evaporation dishes. The water will go into the air (evaporate) and the solid will be left in the dish (crystallize).	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	1,532
Georgia found one brown mineral and one black mineral. How can she test them for hardness using only the 2 minerals (no tools)?	Rubbing them together.	Rub the minerals together and see which one scratches the other.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	113
Explain your reasoning.	there would be a gap in the circuit	bulb B creates a gap	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	638
Look at the 2 pictures of drops on a flat, waterproof surface. The drop on the left is soapy water and the drop on the right is plain water. What causes the plain water to look like it does?	Because it is not soft as soapy water and it is plain water.	Surface tension causes the plain water to look like a bead.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	4,314
Adam's friend gave him a cup filled with a water solution. Adam did not know what solid material was used to make it. He evaporated the solution and found crystals in the dish after all of the water was gone. How will the crystals help him decide what solid material was used to make the solution?	He will know because he will see stuff at the bottom.	Crystals of different materials have different shapes. So the shape will help identify the material.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	2,004
Let us assume that you flip a coin 6 times where the probability of heads (H) showing up is 0.6. Please arrange the following events in the increasing order of their likelihood (i.e., least probable → most probable): ● Event A: you see at least three H’s ● Event B: you see the sequence HHHTTT ● Event C: you see exactly three H’s Include justification in your answer headers.	B is exactly one from 64 possible outcomes, C has more possibilities but since ‘at least 3’ includes ‘exactly 3’ and the probability of H is higher than tails, A is more likely than C.	The correct sequence is BCA , where B is the least probable. One of the following justifications should be given: ● Event B is a subset/part/special case of C, and C is a subset/part/special case of A ● Event B is more specific/strict than C and C is more specific/strict than A ● An actual, correct calculation of the probabilities: ○ P(B) = 0.6 * 0.6 * 0.6 * 0.4 * 0.4 0.4 = 0.6^3 0.4^3 = 0.013824 ○ P(C) = (6 choose 3) * P(B) = 0.27648 ○ P(A) = P(C) + P(Y=4) + P(Y=5) + P(Y=6) = 1 - P(Y=0) - P(Y=1) - P(Y=2) = (6 choose 3) * 0.6^3 * 0.4^3 + (6 choose 4) * 0.6^4 * 0.4^2 +(6 choose 5) * 0.6^5 * 0.4 + (6 choose 6) * 0.6^6 = 0.27648 + 15 * 0.020736 + 6 * 0.031104 + 1 * 0.046656 = 0.8208 ○ The answer may be rounded to up to 2 decimal places, e.g. P(B) = 0.01 or P(B) = 0.014 ○ It is also sufficient to give a formula without the actual calculation, if it is apparent that P(B) less than P(C) less than P(A), e.g. by stating P(C) = 20 * P(B)	0.75	SAF	0.75	0.000291	1,323
Why do you think the other terminals are being held in a different electrical state than that of the negative terminal?	bulb b is a gap	Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are not connected to the negative battery terminal	2	Beetle	0.666667	0.000272	1,266
What requirement has to be met so that you can use the piggybacking extension to the sliding window protocol?	Frames may contain an implicit ACKs. Duplex Operation. It has to have an initial SeqNo. of 0	Piggybacking only makes sense if there is a full-duplex or semi-duplex connection between sender and receiver i.e. two-way communication or Frames must contain additional field for acknowledgement.	0.75	SAF	0.75	0.000291	287
How can you use a magnet to find out if the key is iron or aluminum?	If the key is iron it will attract if it is not it will repel.	If the key sticks, the key is iron; if the key does not stick the key is aluminum.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,530
Ron covered his notebook with waxed paper. Then he placed a small drop of water in the middle of the notebook as shown in the picture. Even though the drop was on a slope, the drop stayed where he placed it. Describe 2 ways Ron can make the water move down the notebook without pushing the drop or blowing on it.	First thing you can do is tip the binder down and the drop will follow.	Ron could make the drop bigger. Ron could make the slope steeper.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,886
What happens to the "collision domain diameter" if you use CSMA / CD and increase the speed of a network by a factor of 10, eg from 10Mb / s to 100Mb / s (all else being equal)?	The size of "collision domain diameter" is dreduced by about 10 times, e.g. from ca.3000m to ca.300m.	Diameter decreases by a factor of 10, e.g 300m to 30m.	1	SAF	1	0.00008	8
Jana and Emily used indophenol to test 3 beverages for vitamin C. The number of drops they added to make a 10 milliliter sample of the blue indophenol indicator become colorless are given here: 8 drops of Overly Orange 13 drops of Luscious Lemon 33 drops of Fruitsnap (and it still didn't change color). Does Overly Orange or Luscious Lemon contain a higher concentration of vitamin C? What is the evidence?	Yes, because if is changes color it has more vitamin C.	Overly Orange takes fewer drops to change the color of indophenol so Overly Orange has a higher concentration of vitamin C.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	182
Greta used her hand to measure the length of the whiteboard in her classroom. She found that it was 14 hands long. Andre measured the whiteboard and found that it was 16 hands long. Explain why Greta and Andre got different measurements.	They both have different hand length.	Greta and Andre have different sized hands.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,441
null	The probability is that branch of mathematics that serves to measure the degree of uncertainty. The best measure of uncertainty is the probability expressed by values included in a scale ranging from 0 to 1. The evaluation of it depends on 2 factors, the first is the event that you want to calculate the probability, the second is the information available (I). The result of this assessment is the probability that it is necessary given the known. As regards classical probability the first definition is given by the probability of an event is the ratio between the number of possible cases and that of favorable cases. e.g. calculate the probability of extracting from a deck of n40 cards, of finding an ace. In a deck of 40 cards there are 4 favorable cases, the possible cases are 40. Speaking of frequentist probability we can say that born N tests carried out under the same conditions, the probability of the event a is where n(A) is the number of times that occurs A. es: We want to calculate the probability that a newborn is female, out of 100,000 births, there are 48.500 females. f:48,500/100= 0.456 m: 51,500/100= 0,515. Finally we have the objectiveist probability that expresses the degree of confidence of a given subject in a given moment and with a given set of information, regarding the occurrence of an event, we can think of bets. es: If the odds of an A mandate are 4 to 1, the wager is willing to play 4 euro to receive 4+1euro=5RO. 4/4+1= 4/5= 0.8, 0.8 will be the fair price that the wager is willing to pay.	probability is an overall function defined in sample space S, which enjoys the following properties: P(S)=1 axiom of certainty, P(A)=0 for each Axiom of positive P(A1uA2u..) = P(A1)+P(A2)... for each succession of two-to-two events incompatible (axiom of additives): Classical definition: the probability of an event A is the ratio between the number of cases favorable to redo A and the total number of possible cases, assuming that these are equally likely an example of application of this definition is the extraction of a card from a deck of 40 cards total.We assume that we want to calculate that the eight sticks comes out. Clearly the favorable case is one and the possible cases are 40. the chance sought is therefore 1/40. Frequentist definition: the P(A) prob of event A is the limit of the relative frequency with which A occurs in a long series of repeated tests under the same conditions example: the probability of a newborn being female is to be calculated. out of 100,000 births there were 48,500 females. As the number of tests is high enough and each test is independent of the other, we use the frequentist definition. Subjectivity Interpretation: The probability of an event is the degree of trust that an individual, based on the knowledge he possesses at a given time, assigns to the occurrence of the event an example of this is the probability that an athlete will win the race. It will be a personal and subjective evaluation, based on some findings that each of us can make. If in fact we know that the athlete has trained very much and is particularly strong, then attribute a high probability value to his winnings.	0.795455	Stita	0.795455	0.00125	98
Paula wants to test a food to see if it contains acid and/or sugar. When Paula added water and yeast to a sample of the food and put the mixture in a warm water bath, the mixture began to fizz and bubble. What does this chemical reaction indicate?	It indicates a sugar test to see how much sugar there is.	The food contains sugar.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	90
What is voltage?	the difference in electricity created by chemical reactions between two terminals	Voltage is the difference in electrical states between two terminals	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	3,780
Salt crystals form when the water evaporates from saltwater. Describe the salt crystals.	They would be a square with a X on it.	The salt crystals are squares with Xs on top.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,766
Under what circumstances will a switch affect a bulb?	if a bulb and a switch are contained in the same closed path, the switch affects the bulb.	When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	1,664
Explain your reasoning.	They are on the same path.	A and C are in the same closed path	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	3,931
The mangrove is a tree found only in saltwater environments. What would happen if you moved a mangrove tree to a freshwater environment? Explain your answer.	It would die because it has no salt.	The mangrove tree would probably die or the tree would not grow well because the tree needs a saltwater environment. Water without salt is outside of the tree's range of tolerance for salt.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	3,767
Bryan taped a golf tee to a globe of the Earth. He shined a flashlight on the globe. The best way for Bryan to demonstrate how shadows change during the day would be to: (rotate the globe.) move the flashlight. Why would this best demonstrate how shadows change during the day?	It would best show it because the earth always rotates around the sun.	Shadows change during the day because the Earth is turning. The Sun stays in one place.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	3,863
Throwing a ball uses a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint. Describe how each of these 2 joints moves when you throw a ball. The hinge joint ___.	Moves up and down.	moves back-and-forth.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	855
Describe the relationship between the length of the string and the number of swings a swinger makes in 15 seconds.	If the swinger is longer, than it has a longer distance to swing.	The shorter the string is, the more the string swings in 15 seconds. The longer the string is, the less the string swings in 15 seconds.	2	SciEntsBank	0.666667	0.000096	3,480
Oil, water, and corn syrup are layered in a tall, thin container. All are at the same temperature. What does the layering tell you about the density of the oil compared to water?	The water has more dense.	The oil is less dense. The water is more dense.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	1,625
Why do you think the other terminals are being held in a different electrical state than that of the negative terminal?	because they are connected to the positive battery terminal	Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are not connected to the negative battery terminal	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	1,247
Explain your reasoning.	there is no relationship between path bulb a and c	A and C are in different paths with the battery	1	Beetle	0.333333	0.000238	411
What is the main job of muscles in the body?	The main job is for the muscles to help keep our body working.	The main job of muscles is to move bones.	0	SciEntsBank	0	0.000092	1,078
What is your "rule" for deciding if the part of a plant you are observing is a fruit?	The rule for deciding if the part of a plant you are observing is a fruit is a fruit is not a fruit unless it has seeds.	If a part of the plant contains seeds, that part is the fruit.	3	SciEntsBank	1	0.000056	3,094
Why was bulb A on when switch Y was open and switch Z was closed?	when switch z was closed bulb a was in a complete curcuit connected to the battery	Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery.	3	Beetle	1	0.00015	1,566

Why does the water level in the straw go down when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is cooled, but not frozen?

When the water gets cold it contracts thereby lowering the water level in the straw.

Water contracts when the water is cooled.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

2,860

Bryan taped a golf tee to a globe of the Earth. He shined a flashlight on the globe. The best way for Bryan to demonstrate how shadows change during the day would be to: (rotate the globe.) move the flashlight. Why would this best demonstrate how shadows change during the day?

Because you can see them better and you can mark down the spot your shadow was at.

Shadows change during the day because the Earth is turning. The Sun stays in one place.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

3,895

Explain in one sentence what each graph tells you. Graph C) size of ice cube versus time.

The more the time the less size of the ice cube.

As time increases, the size of the ice cube decreases.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

627

When switch X was closed and switch Y was open, why was bulb A on?

Bulb A is conected to the battery.

Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery.

2

Beetle

0.666667

0.000272

1,336

Don wants to make a map of his neighborhood that fits into his notebook. He has a photograph of the neighborhood but it is too large. Complete the description of how Don can draw an accurate map that fits into his notebook: 1. Put an overlay grid over the model. 2. ____ 3. Draw a smaller grid with the same number of squares in your notebook. 4. ____ 5. Create a key to go with the map.

2. Put a compass rose on the map. 4. Trace the grid on the notebook.

2: Trace the features from the photograph onto the overlay grid. 4: Transfer the features to the matching squares on the smaller grid in your notebook.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

4,339

Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. If Jim made Mixture 2 with 2 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters of water, what would he observe? What evidence do you have to support this?

Clear, mixture 3 is clear.

Jim would see a clear solution. 3 spoons of solid dissolves, so 2 spoons will dissolve.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

111

Why was the siren's sound designed to have this property?

So people know there is an emergency.

So that people notice the sound.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

657

Write-down all addresses in Class A networks that are reserved.

0.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8 127.0.0.0/8

126 Class A nets can be addressed in classful IP addressing (1.xx.yy.zz - 126.xx.yy.zz) 127.xx.yy.zz is reserved for loopback testing 0.xx.yy.zz can be accepted if stated accordingly (definitions defer whether this is in Class A)

0.25

SAF

0.25

0.001136

1,549

Explain why you got a voltage reading of 0 for terminal 5 and the positive terminal.

gap in 5

Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

676

Georgia found one brown mineral and one black mineral. How will she know which one is harder?

The harder one leave a scratch on the less scratch mineral.

The harder mineral will leave a scratch on the less hard mineral. If the black mineral is harder, the brown mineral will have a scratch.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

443

John wanted to find the optimum conditions for growing peas. He planted pea seeds in 2 separate pots. He used the same amount and type of soil in each pot. He recorded daily care (amount of water and plant food) and results (plant length and number of leaves) after 2 weeks, as shown in the following chart. Did John do a good job of controlling the variables in his experiment? Explain why or why not.

Yes, Because, he did not use to much water and kill it, and I guess it was kind of tall, plus there was a lot of leaves.

No. John changed 2 variables at the same time (amount of water and amount of plant food) so John can not know which variables made a difference.

1

SciEntsBank

0.333333

0.000241

1,964

Why does a damaged bulb impact a circuit?

The path will not be closed.

a damaged bulb creates a gap

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

1,006

Throwing a ball uses a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint. Describe how each of these 2 joints moves when you throw a ball. The ball-and-socket joint ___.

It moves forward.

rotates. moves in all directions. moves up-and-down, back-and-forth, and side-to-side.

1

SciEntsBank

0.333333

0.000241

2,480

To model the packet arrivals as a poisson process, we assumed that the arrivals for each time interval Δt are independent. Does this assumption hold for real INTERNET traffic? Explain your answer in 2-5 sentences.

No, let’s suppose we have a server that hosts VOIP(voice over IP) services. If the server had a high amount of arrivals* (of packets) in the previous interval, it is more likely to have a similar amount of arrivals in the upcoming interval as the calls in the previous interval are still ongoing(unless the call has ended). Same goes for the other way around. If the previous interval did not have a lot of traffic coming through it is more likely that the upcoming interval also does not have a lot of traffic incoming(unless a lot of calls starts on the interval change). Thus each interval has some sort of dependency to the previous one(s). * incoming packets of ongoing calls

No. Real internet traffic often comes in bursts. Therefore, arrivals are not independent because the probability of an arrival happening at a node is influenced by previous arrivals at the node. For example, on-demand video streams selectively load the next video segments when needed. This means the actual network utilization depends on the current playback state on the client-side. The packet arrivals are not independent, as it is likely that there is a low utilization directly after the next segments have been loaded.

1

SAF

1

0.00008

986

Look at the picture of a cow bone. Describe how you can tell which part of the cow this bone came from.

Because it is shaped like a rib.

The bone is thin and curved.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

4,037

Describe how the muscles in the front and back of the leg work together to make the dancer's foot point.

The backs of the leg has to stretch and the front of the leg bends.

The muscle in the back of the leg (the gastrocnemius) contracts and the muscle in the front of the leg (the tibia) relaxes to make the foot point.

1

SciEntsBank

0.333333

0.000241

4,117

What happens to the "collision domain diameter" if you use CSMA / CD and increase the speed of a network by a factor of 10, eg from 10Mb / s to 100Mb / s (all else being equal)?

If you increase the speed you decrease the collision domain diameter. It decreases approximately by the factor of 10 in the example given above.

Diameter decreases by a factor of 10, e.g 300m to 30m.

1

SAF

1

0.00008

1,206

Oil, water, and corn syrup are layered in a tall, thin container. All are at the same temperature. What does the layering tell you about the density of the corn syrup compared to water?

It would be Ice water.

Corn syrup is denser than water.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

1,342

Joanna's glasses "fogged up" when she went into the bathroom after her sister finished her shower. What caused the "fog" to form on her glasses?

The fog formed on her glasses because the water from the shower was hot and the glasses which were cold.

The glasses were cooler than the water vapor in the bathroom.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

4,396

What is a heat sink?

When the heat starts to go down.

A heat sink is any material that absorbs (a lot of) heat.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

4,919

The mangrove is a tree found only in saltwater environments. What would happen if you moved a mangrove tree to a freshwater environment? Explain your answer.

It might not grow; it would be so used to saltwater conditions, it could not live in freshwater.

The mangrove tree would probably die or the tree would not grow well because the tree needs a saltwater environment. Water without salt is outside of the tree's range of tolerance for salt.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

3,827

Why can duplicate packets be a problem in a network? Please state your answer in a single sentence.

Because the large number of duplicate packets consume the network bandwidth as well as require more process power.

if the receiver is not capable of differentiating between valid and duplicated packets it may act on the same information twice.

0.5

SAF

0.5

0.000227

1,530

Maria weighed a small, wet sponge. It weighed 38 grams. She left the sponge on the balance. The next day, Jose found the sponge on the balance. It weighed 22 grams. Both students weighed the sponge accurately. Why were the masses different?

The water on the sponge was evaporated, so Jose's sponge was lighter than Maria's.

Some water evaporated from the sponge between the time Maria weighed the sponge and the time Jose weighed the sponge.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,301

Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 3 and the positive terminal.

sorry but thats all i got and if thats wrong, then i dont know the answer

Terminal 3 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap

0

Beetle

0

0.000812

1,796

Explain your reasoning.

because they are in series with a

If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

2,885

Look at the diagram of a circuit at the right. Will the motor run? Why?

It does not have the wire to make it a complete circuit.

The circuit is not complete. The electrical pathway is broken.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

4,658

Why was the siren's sound designed to have this property?

Because if someone called 911 they could hear that they are coming.

So that people notice the sound.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

649

Maria weighed a small, wet sponge. It weighed 38 grams. She left the sponge on the balance. The next day, Jose found the sponge on the balance. It weighed 22 grams. Both students weighed the sponge accurately. Why were the masses different?

Because some of the water in the wet sponge evaporated.

Some water evaporated from the sponge between the time Maria weighed the sponge and the time Jose weighed the sponge.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,332

Pam sprayed water on her mother's car. The water drops looked just like those she had seen on other surfaces that do not absorb water. What property of water causes the drop to be shaped that way?

Surface tension.

Surface tension causes the drop to form a dome or bead shape.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,129

Oil, water, and corn syrup are layered in a tall, thin container. All are at the same temperature. What does the layering tell you about the density of the corn syrup compared to water?

The corn syrup is more denser than the water.

Corn syrup is denser than water.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

1,343

Maria weighed a small, wet sponge. It weighed 38 grams. She left the sponge on the balance. The next day, Jose found the sponge on the balance. It weighed 22 grams. Both students weighed the sponge accurately. Why were the masses different?

Because overnight, the water got warmer somehow.

Some water evaporated from the sponge between the time Maria weighed the sponge and the time Jose weighed the sponge.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

3,295

The mangrove is a tree found only in saltwater environments. What would happen if you moved a mangrove tree to a freshwater environment? Explain your answer.

If you moved it, the tree would not grow because it feeds on saltwater not freshwater.

The mangrove tree would probably die or the tree would not grow well because the tree needs a saltwater environment. Water without salt is outside of the tree's range of tolerance for salt.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

3,842

Pete put a marble in a cup of water as shown in the picture. What evidence indicates whether the marble is more or less dense than the water?

Because the marble sank.

The marble is on the bottom of the cup (under the water).

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

662

null

A CNN network consists of: - Input layer - conolution layer - Detection layer - Pooling layer - Next layer(because CNN consists of many layers this will be another block of layers similar to what described)

Convolutional Neural Network consists of many layers such as a convolutional layer that has kernels which convolve over the input image, an activation layer (ReLU activation), pooling layer (max or average pooling), and one or more fully connected layers followed by softmax layer.

1

DigiKlausur

0.5

0.001522

503

null

A CNN uses convolution instead of matrix multiplication. After this there is a non linearity which may be a function like ReLU. There is also a pooling stage which is used to pool the important features. CNNs are translation invartiant.

Convolutional Neural Network consists of many layers such as a convolutional layer that has kernels which convolve over the input image, an activation layer (ReLU activation), pooling layer (max or average pooling), and one or more fully connected layers followed by softmax layer.

1

DigiKlausur

0.5

0.001522

498

null

A neuron consists of a synapse connecting link, an adder function or linear combiner and an activation function. $$v = \Sigma wi \cdot x{i} + b$$, where $xi$ is the input, $wi$ is the weight and $b$ is bias.

Mathematical model of a neuron consists of a set of synapses or connecting links where each link is characterized by a weight, an adder function (linear combiner), which computes the weighted sum (local field) of the inputs plus some bias and an activation function (squashing function) for limiting the amplitude of a neuron’s output.

1

DigiKlausur

0.5

0.001522

61

null

First of all, we must identify and formulate the problem we want to look at; formulate the question in statistical terms; propose the null hypothesis H (0) that we want to test; propose the alternative hypothesis H (1), that is the conjecture opposite to the null hypothesis, select a random sample on which to observe the data. Decide the most appropriate test statistic, which provides a good summary of the character being studied (statistical interest test - parameter)/standard error of the test statistic. Later, you have to calculate the p-value, the evidence of the data against the hypothesis nothing; the less the p-value, the greater the evidence against the hypothesis nothing. The last step concerns the decision to reject the hypothesis. If the p-value is less than 0,01 there is strong evidence of the data against the null hypothesis and the refusal with a level of significance of 1%; if it is less than 0,05 there is statistical evidence and refusal with level of significance 5%; if it is less than 0,1 there is weak evidence and refusal with level of significance 10%; if it is greater than 0,1 there is no evidence of the data and no refusal.

The statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis that is made on a parameter of the population that leads to the identification of a statistical rule that makes to decide whether to refuse or not to reject the hypothesis made. There are several steps in the verification of the hypotheses: 1- identify the problem and formulate the question you want to see; 2. to formulate the question in statistical terms: to identify the statistics that can solve the problem; 3. propose the null hypothesis, i.e. the hypothesis checked; 4- propose the alternative hypothesis, i.e. the opposite hypothesis, 5- select the random sample; 6- calculate the test statistics, which can be calculated from the sample data as it is a sample statistics; 7- rule of decision: (a) compare the value of the test statistic with the theoretical values separating the acceptance zone from the rejection zone (s); or (b) calculate the p-value and compare it with the theoretical values. The p-value is used to calculate how far away we are from the nothing hypothesis, the smaller and the more distant we are. If the p-value is: - less than 0.01 there is strong empirical evidence against the null hypothesis, so I refuse the null hypothesis at the level of significance of 1% - less than 0.05 there is empirical evidence against the null hypothesis, so I refuse the zero hypothesis at the level of 5% significance; - less than 0.1 there is a weak empirical evidence against the sposi nulla, therefore I refuse the hypothesis nothing at the level of significance of 10%; - more than 0.1 there is no empirical evidence against the hypothesis nothing, therefore I refuse the hypothesis nothing; 8- decide whether to reject the hypothesis nothing. In the event that the null hypothesis is rejected it is said that the test is significant, i.e. when the empirical evidence is contrary to the null hypothesis.

0.704545

Stita

0.704545

0.00125

122

What is the role of a header-file?

create a comon area to contain reusable functions.

To store a class interface, including data members and member function prototypes.

3

Mohler

0.6

0.001916

394

Explain your reasoning.

bulb a is in the same path of bulbs b and c

If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

2,836

You can tell if a rock contains calcite by putting it into a cold acid (like vinegar). Describe what you would observe if you did the acid test on a rock that contains this substance.

You would see bubbles floating up or down.

Many tiny bubbles will rise from the calcite when the calcite contacts the cold acid.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

2,923

Describe the paths in this diagram and explain how those paths account for the results.

the bulb will be on if it is still on a closed path

Bulb A is in a path which does not contain B and C, so bulbs B and C don't affect it. Bulbs B and C are in the same path. They affect each other, but Bulb A doesn't affect them.

0

Beetle

0

0.000812

3,069

Angie wrote in her science notebook, "Evaporation only happens when water is heated to high temperatures." Explain why you agree or disagree.

Because heat absorbs the water.

Disagree. Evaporation can occur at any temperature.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

1,139

Explain why you got a voltage reading of 0 for terminal 6 and the positive terminal.

positive battery terminal is separated by a gap from terminal 6

Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

1,443

Why was bulb C off when switch Z was open?

Z being open created a gap in the circut.

Bulb C was no longer in a closed path with the battery

2

Beetle

0.666667

0.000272

953

After playing the FOSS-ulele, David wrote his results in his lab notebook: I'm confused. When I pull down and tighten the string on the FOSS-ulele, then pluck the string, the pitch sounds HIGHER than it did before. But aren't I making the string longer when I pull the string? I thought a longer length produced a LOWER pitch. What's going on here? What is causing the pitch to be higher? Write a note to David to tell him why the pitch gets higher rather than lower.

Because the string needs to be short.

The string is tighter, so the pitch is higher. The string between the cup and the table is not longer.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

83

Look at the illustration of the pulley system at the right to answer the questions. Explain the disadvantage of using this system compared to a single movable pulley system.

Pull longer.

You have to pull 3 times more rope (apply the effort over a distance 3 times farther than the distance the load moves).

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

355

Why does the water level in the straw go down when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is cooled, but not frozen?

Because the molecules get closer together and take up less room.

Water contracts when the water is cooled.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

2,929

Georgia found one brown mineral and one black mineral. How can she test them for hardness using only the 2 minerals (no tools)?

Rub them together and see if one scratches the other.

Rub the minerals together and see which one scratches the other.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

1,044

Joanne mixed material R and material D together, added water, and stirred. After a few minutes, the liquid was clear and there was a solid on the bottom of the cup. Joanne used a paper filter to separate the solid from the liquid. Why does the solid stay in the filter when the liquid goes through?

The solid stayed in because it was not as watery and it was bigger chucks. The liquid is watery and so it went through.

The particles of the solid are too big to go through the holes in the paper filter.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

382

Why does a damaged bulb impact a circuit?

Because it creates a gap.

a damaged bulb creates a gap

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

1,005

What is the difference between a data member and a local variable inside a member function?

A local variable cannot be accessed outside the function in which it is declared. Data members normally are private. Variables of functions declared private are accessible only to member functions of the class in which they are declared.

Data members can be accessed from any member functions inside the class defintion. Local variables can only be accessed inside the member function that defines them.

5

Mohler

1

0.000302

237

Transparent bridges manage a bridge table for the forwarding process. Please describe what information the table holds and how it is modified during the backwards learning phase. How is the table used in the forwarding process and what is one benefit of that? Please answer the question in 2-5 sentences.

A transparant bridge receives every frame from each connected LAN including the source address "S" of the frame on a LAN "L". The bridge creates a table entry with the information that "S" can be reached via "L". This is done for every frame. The advantage of this approach is that the bridge is invisible for other components of the network leading to simplification.

1.A mapping between destinations/stations (MACs) and outgoing LAN interfaces. 2.This table is initially empty and received packages are flooded on every line. When a bridge receives a frame (as the bridge runs in promiscuous mode it listens in on all the traffic arriving at its LAN links) with source address Q on LAN L, it adds the timestamped entry “Q can be reached over L” to the table and the next time a packet with destination Q arrives, it is forwarded on link L. The time-stamp is used to update or purge old entries. Therefore, it learns by observing the incoming traffic. 3.To do selective forwarding instead of flooding. 4.i)less duplication/unnecessary flooding is prevented. ii)less congestion. iii)better bandwidth usage than flooding.

0.5

SAF

0.5

0.000227

314

Where are variables declared in a C++ program?

They can be declared right before they are used, but it is a good practice to declare them at the beginning of the program and label what they are food.

Variables can be declared anywhere in a program. They can be declared inside a function (local variables) or outside the functions (global variables)

2

Mohler

0.4

0.003831

145

When switch X was open and switch Y was closed, why were bulbs B and C on?

iBulbs ba nd C were stil contained in a closed path with the battery

Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery.

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

2,467

Describe the paths in this diagram and explain how those paths account for the results.

bulb b and bulb c are in the same path so if one burns out the other will nott work. bulb a is contained within a different path and will not burn out if bulb b or c is damaged because it is still contained in a closed path with the battery

Bulb A is in a path which does not contain B and C, so bulbs B and C don't affect it. Bulbs B and C are in the same path. They affect each other, but Bulb A doesn't affect them.

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

3,024

What are the conditions that are required to make a bulb light up?

A battery should connect to a bulb in a closed path.

there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

466

Why does an open switch impact a circuit?

It turns off all the bulbs.

the open switch creates a gap

2

Beetle

0.666667

0.000272

1,962

What are the conditions that are required to make a bulb light up?

battery mut be closed circuit

there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

533

Please explain the problem with "Distributed Queue Dual Buses" that was discussed in the lecture in 1-3 sentences.

The problem with Distributed Queue Dual Buses is fairness. The probability of getting access to the data is not equal for every node. Some nodes can reserve more than other nodes because of their position.

Depending on your position in the bus station have a disadvantage/advantage when reserving transmission rights.

1

SAF

1

0.00008

1,271

You used several methods to separate and identify the substances in mock rocks. How did you separate the salt from the water?

By putting water in a Petri dish and letting the water evaporate.

The water was evaporated, leaving the salt.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

4,743

What are the conditions that are required to make a bulb light up?

a battery connected to each side of the lightbulb.

there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery

2

Beetle

0.666667

0.000272

469

Johnny drove to the store with his father one cold and rainy night. They had only driven a short distance when the windows "fogged up" on the inside. What was it about the windows that caused the "fog" to form on them?

When it is cold and warm the cold I think pushed the window.

The windows were cooler than the water vapor in the air, causing the vapor to condense.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

2,759

What process forms deltas? A. Gravity B. Erosion (C. Deposition) D. Decomposition. Explain how deltas form.

Water pushes sand to make a slope.

Earth materials erode and are carried by flowing water (a river). The earth materials form a delta when the materials are dropped off or deposited when the water stops flowing (at the mouth of a river).

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

304

Why does a rubber band make a sound when you pluck it (pull and let go quickly)?

Because it vibrates.

The rubber band vibrates.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,387

Where do C++ programs begin to execute?

A C++ program will begin to execute at the main() function.

At the main function.

5

Mohler

1

0.000302

90

Explain why you got a voltage reading of 0 for terminal 4 and the positive terminal.

terminal 4 is connected to the positive battery

Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are connected

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

2,045

What is voltage?

the difference in connections between terminals

Voltage is the difference in electrical states between two terminals

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

3,761

Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 1 and the positive terminal.

because it was connected to the positive terminal

Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

697

What are the benefits and drawbacks of SDN compared to traditional networking,where each switch/router has to manage forwarding and routing on its own? Describe two benefits and two drawbacks in 1-2 sentences each.

+ Better routing decisions because of centralized view of the topology. + Easier expandable as the control logic is managed over the control plane mostly by software. - Dependency on control servers. The network can’t adapt when it can’t reach a controller. - The distributed SDN controller leads to the CAP problem where it can only have 2 of the three properties (consistency, availability, partitioning tolerance).

Benefits: ● Reduced complexity of the switches: They only have to act according to their flow tables and do not have to make any local routing decisions. ● Due to centralized routing, the routing can converge way faster to a global optimum than with decentralized routing because of a global view ● Better Integration of application and network provides a better global view of the system. ● Increased flexibility : 1. We can update the routing logic on the fly, routers/switches are not limited to hard-coded routing algorithms anymore (Note: this is also possible with programmable switches). 2. API to “program” the network: Software (application) “defines” the network 3. High-level programming languages for implementation of logic and making use of powerful integrated development environments. Note: In case the reasoning/example sufficiently explains the benefit, naming like reduced complexity, increased flexibility can be omitted and response can still be granted 0.25 for each benefit. Drawbacks: ● High complexity of the control servers: They have to make all the routing decisions for the (sub)network and can therefore be a bottleneck. ● Centralized routing in distributed systems in general: The routing completely depends on the control server(s). To achieve better availability and fault tolerance, the number of control servers can be increased. However, this can lead to synchronization and consistency issues. → CAP problem (consistency, availability, partition tolerance) ● New technology adoption challenges: ● Switching to SDN from traditional networking. ● Training personnel on SDN. All these will cost depending on the reconfiguration level but then for the long term, it depends upon the ROI. ● Security-related concerns : ○ Lack of hardware security: eliminating the use of the physical routers and switches, one also loses the security that comes with it.

1

SAF

1

0.00008

197

When defining a recursive function, what are possible causes for infinite recursion?

Not having a base case that returns a base value.

If the recursion step is defined incorrectly, or if the base case is not included.

4

Mohler

0.8

0.002364

573

Name the two modes of control plane distribution and name one downside for each of them.

Control Plane Distribution: Replication - Maintaining consistency and state across the replicated nodes is complex and involves high overhead. Control Plane Distribution: Partitioning - Issues similar to P2P networks since there is no centralized controller. Partitioned nodes need knowledge about their neighbours to coordinate.

Two modes of physical distribution of control plane and associated drawbacks are: Replication ● Issue of scalability ● More resources, more cost ● Wastage of resources as the replicated node is on standby and no actual load distribution occurs. ● The problem to keep the data consistent in the replicated node is hard and complex. Partitioning ● Raises issues similar to P2P networks ● Knowledge about neighborhood ● Coordination and consistency ● Lower availability

1

SAF

1

0.00008

68

Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. Describe how Jim could separate the dissolved solid from the water in Mixture one. What happens to the solid and to the water?

You can get a coffee filter you pour it in the you wait for it to seep into the coffee filter.

Set up evaporation dishes. The water will go into the air (evaporate) and the solid will be left in the dish (crystallize).

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

1,532

Georgia found one brown mineral and one black mineral. How can she test them for hardness using only the 2 minerals (no tools)?

Rubbing them together.

Rub the minerals together and see which one scratches the other.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

113

Explain your reasoning.

there would be a gap in the circuit

bulb B creates a gap

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

638

Look at the 2 pictures of drops on a flat, waterproof surface. The drop on the left is soapy water and the drop on the right is plain water. What causes the plain water to look like it does?

Because it is not soft as soapy water and it is plain water.

Surface tension causes the plain water to look like a bead.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

4,314

Adam's friend gave him a cup filled with a water solution. Adam did not know what solid material was used to make it. He evaporated the solution and found crystals in the dish after all of the water was gone. How will the crystals help him decide what solid material was used to make the solution?

He will know because he will see stuff at the bottom.

Crystals of different materials have different shapes. So the shape will help identify the material.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

2,004

Let us assume that you flip a coin 6 times where the probability of heads (H) showing up is 0.6. Please arrange the following events in the increasing order of their likelihood (i.e., least probable → most probable): ● Event A: you see at least three H’s ● Event B: you see the sequence HHHTTT ● Event C: you see exactly three H’s Include justification in your answer headers.

B is exactly one from 64 possible outcomes, C has more possibilities but since ‘at least 3’ includes ‘exactly 3’ and the probability of H is higher than tails, A is more likely than C.

The correct sequence is BCA , where B is the least probable. One of the following justifications should be given: ● Event B is a subset/part/special case of C, and C is a subset/part/special case of A ● Event B is more specific/strict than C and C is more specific/strict than A ● An actual, correct calculation of the probabilities: ○ P(B) = 0.6 * 0.6 * 0.6 * 0.4 * 0.4 *0.4 = 0.6^3 *0.4^3 = 0.013824 ○ P(C) = (6 choose 3) * P(B) = 0.27648 ○ P(A) = P(C) + P(Y=4) + P(Y=5) + P(Y=6) = 1 - P(Y=0) - P(Y=1) - P(Y=2) = (6 choose 3) * 0.6^3 * 0.4^3 + (6 choose 4) * 0.6^4 * 0.4^2 +(6 choose 5) * 0.6^5 * 0.4 + (6 choose 6) * 0.6^6 = 0.27648 + 15 * 0.020736 + 6 * 0.031104 + 1 * 0.046656 = 0.8208 ○ The answer may be rounded to up to 2 decimal places, e.g. P(B) = 0.01 or P(B) = 0.014 ○ It is also sufficient to give a formula without the actual calculation, if it is apparent that P(B) less than P(C) less than P(A), e.g. by stating P(C) = 20 * P(B)

0.75

SAF

0.75

0.000291

1,323

Why do you think the other terminals are being held in a different electrical state than that of the negative terminal?

bulb b is a gap

Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are not connected to the negative battery terminal

2

Beetle

0.666667

0.000272

1,266

What requirement has to be met so that you can use the piggybacking extension to the sliding window protocol?

Frames may contain an implicit ACKs. Duplex Operation. It has to have an initial SeqNo. of 0

Piggybacking only makes sense if there is a full-duplex or semi-duplex connection between sender and receiver i.e. two-way communication or Frames must contain additional field for acknowledgement.

0.75

SAF

0.75

0.000291

287

How can you use a magnet to find out if the key is iron or aluminum?

If the key is iron it will attract if it is not it will repel.

If the key sticks, the key is iron; if the key does not stick the key is aluminum.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,530

Ron covered his notebook with waxed paper. Then he placed a small drop of water in the middle of the notebook as shown in the picture. Even though the drop was on a slope, the drop stayed where he placed it. Describe 2 ways Ron can make the water move down the notebook without pushing the drop or blowing on it.

First thing you can do is tip the binder down and the drop will follow.

Ron could make the drop bigger. Ron could make the slope steeper.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,886

What happens to the "collision domain diameter" if you use CSMA / CD and increase the speed of a network by a factor of 10, eg from 10Mb / s to 100Mb / s (all else being equal)?

The size of "collision domain diameter" is dreduced by about 10 times, e.g. from ca.3000m to ca.300m.

Diameter decreases by a factor of 10, e.g 300m to 30m.

1

SAF

1

0.00008

8

Jana and Emily used indophenol to test 3 beverages for vitamin C. The number of drops they added to make a 10 milliliter sample of the blue indophenol indicator become colorless are given here: 8 drops of Overly Orange 13 drops of Luscious Lemon 33 drops of Fruitsnap (and it still didn't change color). Does Overly Orange or Luscious Lemon contain a higher concentration of vitamin C? What is the evidence?

Yes, because if is changes color it has more vitamin C.

Overly Orange takes fewer drops to change the color of indophenol so Overly Orange has a higher concentration of vitamin C.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

182

Greta used her hand to measure the length of the whiteboard in her classroom. She found that it was 14 hands long. Andre measured the whiteboard and found that it was 16 hands long. Explain why Greta and Andre got different measurements.

They both have different hand length.

Greta and Andre have different sized hands.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,441

null

The probability is that branch of mathematics that serves to measure the degree of uncertainty. The best measure of uncertainty is the probability expressed by values included in a scale ranging from 0 to 1. The evaluation of it depends on 2 factors, the first is the event that you want to calculate the probability, the second is the information available (I). The result of this assessment is the probability that it is necessary given the known. As regards classical probability the first definition is given by the probability of an event is the ratio between the number of possible cases and that of favorable cases. e.g. calculate the probability of extracting from a deck of n40 cards, of finding an ace. In a deck of 40 cards there are 4 favorable cases, the possible cases are 40. Speaking of frequentist probability we can say that born N tests carried out under the same conditions, the probability of the event a is where n(A) is the number of times that occurs A. es: We want to calculate the probability that a newborn is female, out of 100,000 births, there are 48.500 females. f:48,500/100= 0.456 m: 51,500/100= 0,515. Finally we have the objectiveist probability that expresses the degree of confidence of a given subject in a given moment and with a given set of information, regarding the occurrence of an event, we can think of bets. es: If the odds of an A mandate are 4 to 1, the wager is willing to play 4 euro to receive 4+1euro=5RO. 4/4+1= 4/5= 0.8, 0.8 will be the fair price that the wager is willing to pay.

probability is an overall function defined in sample space S, which enjoys the following properties: P(S)=1 axiom of certainty, P(A)=0 for each Axiom of positive P(A1uA2u..) = P(A1)+P(A2)... for each succession of two-to-two events incompatible (axiom of additives): Classical definition: the probability of an event A is the ratio between the number of cases favorable to redo A and the total number of possible cases, assuming that these are equally likely an example of application of this definition is the extraction of a card from a deck of 40 cards total.We assume that we want to calculate that the eight sticks comes out. Clearly the favorable case is one and the possible cases are 40. the chance sought is therefore 1/40. Frequentist definition: the P(A) prob of event A is the limit of the relative frequency with which A occurs in a long series of repeated tests under the same conditions example: the probability of a newborn being female is to be calculated. out of 100,000 births there were 48,500 females. As the number of tests is high enough and each test is independent of the other, we use the frequentist definition. Subjectivity Interpretation: The probability of an event is the degree of trust that an individual, based on the knowledge he possesses at a given time, assigns to the occurrence of the event an example of this is the probability that an athlete will win the race. It will be a personal and subjective evaluation, based on some findings that each of us can make. If in fact we know that the athlete has trained very much and is particularly strong, then attribute a high probability value to his winnings.

0.795455

Stita

0.795455

0.00125

98

Paula wants to test a food to see if it contains acid and/or sugar. When Paula added water and yeast to a sample of the food and put the mixture in a warm water bath, the mixture began to fizz and bubble. What does this chemical reaction indicate?

It indicates a sugar test to see how much sugar there is.

The food contains sugar.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

90

What is voltage?

the difference in electricity created by chemical reactions between two terminals

Voltage is the difference in electrical states between two terminals

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

3,780

Salt crystals form when the water evaporates from saltwater. Describe the salt crystals.

They would be a square with a X on it.

The salt crystals are squares with Xs on top.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,766

Under what circumstances will a switch affect a bulb?

if a bulb and a switch are contained in the same closed path, the switch affects the bulb.

When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

1,664

Explain your reasoning.

They are on the same path.

A and C are in the same closed path

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

3,931

The mangrove is a tree found only in saltwater environments. What would happen if you moved a mangrove tree to a freshwater environment? Explain your answer.

It would die because it has no salt.

The mangrove tree would probably die or the tree would not grow well because the tree needs a saltwater environment. Water without salt is outside of the tree's range of tolerance for salt.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

3,767

Bryan taped a golf tee to a globe of the Earth. He shined a flashlight on the globe. The best way for Bryan to demonstrate how shadows change during the day would be to: (rotate the globe.) move the flashlight. Why would this best demonstrate how shadows change during the day?

It would best show it because the earth always rotates around the sun.

Shadows change during the day because the Earth is turning. The Sun stays in one place.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

3,863

Throwing a ball uses a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint. Describe how each of these 2 joints moves when you throw a ball. The hinge joint ___.

Moves up and down.

moves back-and-forth.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

855

Describe the relationship between the length of the string and the number of swings a swinger makes in 15 seconds.

If the swinger is longer, than it has a longer distance to swing.

The shorter the string is, the more the string swings in 15 seconds. The longer the string is, the less the string swings in 15 seconds.

2

SciEntsBank

0.666667

0.000096

3,480

Oil, water, and corn syrup are layered in a tall, thin container. All are at the same temperature. What does the layering tell you about the density of the oil compared to water?

The water has more dense.

The oil is less dense. The water is more dense.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

1,625

Why do you think the other terminals are being held in a different electrical state than that of the negative terminal?

because they are connected to the positive battery terminal

Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are not connected to the negative battery terminal

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

1,247

Explain your reasoning.

there is no relationship between path bulb a and c

A and C are in different paths with the battery

1

Beetle

0.333333

0.000238

411

What is the main job of muscles in the body?

The main job is for the muscles to help keep our body working.

The main job of muscles is to move bones.

0

SciEntsBank

0

0.000092

1,078

What is your "rule" for deciding if the part of a plant you are observing is a fruit?

The rule for deciding if the part of a plant you are observing is a fruit is a fruit is not a fruit unless it has seeds.

If a part of the plant contains seeds, that part is the fruit.

3

SciEntsBank

1

0.000056

3,094

Why was bulb A on when switch Y was open and switch Z was closed?

when switch z was closed bulb a was in a complete curcuit connected to the battery

Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery.

3

Beetle

1

0.00015

1,566