shubharuidas/codebert-embed-base-dense-retriever

codeBert Base

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from microsoft/codebert-base. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: microsoft/codebert-base
• Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
• Language: en
• License: apache-2.0

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'RobertaModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("killdollar/codebert-embed-base-dense-retriever")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'How does __init__ work in Python?',
    'def __init__(\n        self,\n        encoding_name: str = "gpt2",\n        model_name: str | None = None,\n        allowed_special: Literal["all"] | AbstractSet[str] = set(),\n        disallowed_special: Literal["all"] | Collection[str] = "all",\n        **kwargs: Any,\n    ) -> None:\n        """Create a new `TextSplitter`.\n\n        Args:\n            encoding_name: The name of the tiktoken encoding to use.\n            model_name: The name of the model to use. If provided, this will\n                override the `encoding_name`.\n            allowed_special: Special tokens that are allowed during encoding.\n            disallowed_special: Special tokens that are disallowed during encoding.\n\n        Raises:\n            ImportError: If the tiktoken package is not installed.\n        """\n        super().__init__(**kwargs)\n        if not _HAS_TIKTOKEN:\n            msg = (\n                "Could not import tiktoken python package. "\n                "This is needed in order to for TokenTextSplitter. "\n                "Please install it with `pip install tiktoken`."\n            )\n            raise ImportError(msg)\n\n        if model_name is not None:\n            enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model_name)\n        else:\n            enc = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)\n        self._tokenizer = enc\n        self._allowed_special = allowed_special\n        self._disallowed_special = disallowed_special',
    'def test_fixed_message_response_when_docs_found() -> None:\n    fixed_resp = "I don\'t know"\n    answer = "I know the answer!"\n    llm = FakeListLLM(responses=[answer])\n    retriever = SequentialRetriever(\n        sequential_responses=[[Document(page_content=answer)]],\n    )\n    memory = ConversationBufferMemory(\n        k=1,\n        output_key="answer",\n        memory_key="chat_history",\n        return_messages=True,\n    )\n    qa_chain = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(\n        llm=llm,\n        memory=memory,\n        retriever=retriever,\n        return_source_documents=True,\n        rephrase_question=False,\n        response_if_no_docs_found=fixed_resp,\n        verbose=True,\n    )\n    got = qa_chain("What is the answer?")\n    assert got["chat_history"][1].content == answer\n    assert got["answer"] == answer',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.7336, 0.0979],
#         [0.7336, 1.0000, 0.1742],
#         [0.0979, 0.1742, 1.0000]])

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• Dataset: dim_768
• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:

  {
      "truncate_dim": 768
  }
  

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.83
cosine_accuracy@3	0.85
cosine_accuracy@5	0.86
cosine_accuracy@10	0.94
cosine_precision@1	0.83
cosine_precision@3	0.83
cosine_precision@5	0.83
cosine_precision@10	0.453
cosine_recall@1	0.166
cosine_recall@3	0.498
cosine_recall@5	0.83
cosine_recall@10	0.906
cosine_ndcg@10	0.8712
cosine_mrr@10	0.8533
cosine_map@100	0.8616

Information Retrieval

• Dataset: dim_512
• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:

  {
      "truncate_dim": 512
  }
  

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.85
cosine_accuracy@3	0.86
cosine_accuracy@5	0.87
cosine_accuracy@10	0.95
cosine_precision@1	0.85
cosine_precision@3	0.84
cosine_precision@5	0.842
cosine_precision@10	0.453
cosine_recall@1	0.17
cosine_recall@3	0.504
cosine_recall@5	0.842
cosine_recall@10	0.906
cosine_ndcg@10	0.8776
cosine_mrr@10	0.8699
cosine_map@100	0.8693

Information Retrieval

• Dataset: dim_256
• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:

  {
      "truncate_dim": 256
  }
  

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.86
cosine_accuracy@3	0.89
cosine_accuracy@5	0.9
cosine_accuracy@10	0.93
cosine_precision@1	0.86
cosine_precision@3	0.85
cosine_precision@5	0.85
cosine_precision@10	0.45
cosine_recall@1	0.172
cosine_recall@3	0.51
cosine_recall@5	0.85
cosine_recall@10	0.9
cosine_ndcg@10	0.879
cosine_mrr@10	0.8806
cosine_map@100	0.8727

Information Retrieval

• Dataset: dim_128
• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:

  {
      "truncate_dim": 128
  }
  

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.84
cosine_accuracy@3	0.87
cosine_accuracy@5	0.88
cosine_accuracy@10	0.93
cosine_precision@1	0.84
cosine_precision@3	0.8367
cosine_precision@5	0.842
cosine_precision@10	0.455
cosine_recall@1	0.168
cosine_recall@3	0.502
cosine_recall@5	0.842
cosine_recall@10	0.91
cosine_ndcg@10	0.8777
cosine_mrr@10	0.863
cosine_map@100	0.8662

Information Retrieval

• Dataset: dim_64
• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:

  {
      "truncate_dim": 64
  }
  

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.78
cosine_accuracy@3	0.81
cosine_accuracy@5	0.81
cosine_accuracy@10	0.93
cosine_precision@1	0.78
cosine_precision@3	0.7867
cosine_precision@5	0.786
cosine_precision@10	0.448
cosine_recall@1	0.156
cosine_recall@3	0.472
cosine_recall@5	0.786
cosine_recall@10	0.896
cosine_ndcg@10	0.8445
cosine_mrr@10	0.8121
cosine_map@100	0.8308

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 900 training samples
• Columns: anchor and positive
• Approximate statistics based on the first 900 samples:

  	anchor	positive
  type	string	string
  details	min: 6 tokens mean: 13.15 tokens max: 42 tokens	min: 25 tokens mean: 239.87 tokens max: 512 tokens

• Samples:

  anchor	positive
  Explain the test_qdrant_similarity_search_with_relevance_scores logic	def test_qdrant_similarity_search_with_relevance_scores( batch_size: int, content_payload_key: str, metadata_payload_key: str, vector_name: str | None, ) -> None: """Test end to end construction and search.""" texts = ["foo", "bar", "baz"] docsearch = Qdrant.from_texts( texts, ConsistentFakeEmbeddings(), location=":memory:", content_payload_key=content_payload_key, metadata_payload_key=metadata_payload_key, batch_size=batch_size, vector_name=vector_name, ) output = docsearch.similarity_search_with_relevance_scores("foo", k=3) assert all( (score <= 1 or np.isclose(score, 1)) and score >= 0 for _, score in output )
  How to implement LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning?	class LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning(PendingDeprecationWarning): """A class for issuing deprecation warnings for LangChain users."""
  Example usage of random_name	def random_name() -> str: """Generate a random name.""" adjective = random.choice(adjectives) # noqa: S311 noun = random.choice(nouns) # noqa: S311 number = random.randint(1, 100) # noqa: S311 return f"{adjective}-{noun}-{number}"

• Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
      "matryoshka_dims": [
          768,
          512,
          256,
          128,
          64
      ],
      "matryoshka_weights": [
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1
      ],
      "n_dims_per_step": -1
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: epoch
• per_device_train_batch_size: 4
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
• learning_rate: 2e-05
• num_train_epochs: 4
• lr_scheduler_type: cosine
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• fp16: True
• load_best_model_at_end: True
• optim: adamw_torch
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: epoch
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 4
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 2e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1.0
• num_train_epochs: 4
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: cosine
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: True
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: True
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• parallelism_config: None
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• project: huggingface
• trackio_space_id: trackio
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_always_push: False
• hub_revision: None
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• include_for_metrics: []
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• use_liger_kernel: False
• liger_kernel_config: None
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• average_tokens_across_devices: True
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
• router_mapping: {}
• learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	dim_768_cosine_ndcg@10	dim_512_cosine_ndcg@10	dim_256_cosine_ndcg@10	dim_128_cosine_ndcg@10	dim_64_cosine_ndcg@10
0.7111	10	6.8447	-	-	-	-	-
1.0	15	-	0.1025	0.0367	0.0548	0.0502	0.1185
0.7111	10	4.8545	-	-	-	-	-
1.0	15	-	0.2250	0.3047	0.2895	0.2892	0.3178
0.7111	10	1.9011	-	-	-	-	-
1.0	15	-	0.6530	0.6393	0.6269	0.6631	0.6658
1.3556	20	0.6349	-	-	-	-	-
2.0	30	0.1887	0.8480	0.8643	0.8641	0.8532	0.7974
2.7111	40	0.0959	-	-	-	-	-
3.0	45	-	0.8688	0.8774	0.8754	0.8725	0.8457
3.3556	50	0.0359	-	-	-	-	-
4.0	60	0.0515	0.8712	0.8776	0.879	0.8777	0.8445

• The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.12.12
• Sentence Transformers: 5.2.0
• Transformers: 4.57.3
• PyTorch: 2.9.0+cu126
• Accelerate: 1.12.0
• Datasets: 4.0.0
• Tokenizers: 0.22.2

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}